Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have distinctive characteristics due to the use of acoustic signals as its physical medium for communications, including high propagation delay, limited bandwidth and high error rates. Hence, designing communication protocols, particularly, an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs is a challenging issue. Routing protocols can take advantage of the localization of sensor nodes. However, the localization itself is not impeccable in UWSNs. In this paper, we therefore propose a localization-free routing protocol named MRP (multi-layered routing protocol) for UWSNs. MRP utilizes super nodes in order to eliminate the need of localization. MRP works in two phases: Layering phase and Data forwarding phase. During layering phase, different layers are formed around the super nodes. In data forwarding phase, data packets are forwarded based on these layers. Through simulation study using NS-2 simulator, we proved that MRP contributes significant performance improvements against representative routing protocols.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Defense Acquisition Program Administration and Agency for Defense Development under the contract UD100002KD. This work was supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the CITRC (Convergence Information Technology Research Center) support program (NIPA-2012-H0401-12-1006) supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Promotion Agency) and the ICT Standardization program of KCC (Korea Communications Commission).
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This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled ‘A multi-layered routing protocol for UWSNs using super nodes’ presented at FGCN 2011 conference, Jeju Island, Korea, December 2011.
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Wahid, A., Lee, S., Kim, D. et al. MRP: A Localization-Free Multi-Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 77, 2997–3012 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1690-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1690-6