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Congestion Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Abstract

Geographic routing protocols forward packets according to the geographical locations of nodes. Thus, the criteria used to select a forwarding node impacts on the performance of the protocols such as energy efficiency and end-to-end transmission delay. In this paper, we propose a congestion aware forwarder selection (CAFS) method for a geographic routing protocol. To design CAFS, we devise a cost function by combining not only the forward progress made to a packet but also the amount of energy required for packet forwarding, forwarding direction, and congestion levels of potential forwarders. Among the potential forwarders, CAFS selects the next forwarder having the minimum cost. In our simulation studies, we compare the performance of CAFS with those of the maximum progress (MP) method and the cost over progress (CoP) method in various network conditions. The results show that compared with MP, the length of a routing path in terms of the number of hops becomes longer when CAFS is used. However, the shorter hop distance helps to avoid unnecessary retransmissions caused by packet loss in a wireless channel. In addition, since CAFS considers congestion levels of candidate forwarders, it reduces the queuing delay in each forwarder. Therefore, CAFS is superior to the MP and the CoP in terms of the energy consumption, end-to-end packet transfer delay, and the successful packet delivery rate.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Security, The University of Suwon, 17, Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-743, Korea

    Jaesung Park

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  1. Jaesung Park
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Correspondence to Jaesung Park.

Additional information

This work was partly supported by the GRRC program of Gyeonggi province [(GRRC SUWON2014-B2), Study on Object Recognition System for Industrial Security and Intelligent Control System for Establishing Social Safety Net Based on Advanced Neuro-Fuzzy Technologies], and by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2011-0007076 (2014-0046)).

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Park, J. Congestion Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 78, 1905–1916 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2052-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2052-0

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