Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Balancing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Energy efficiency and load balancing are known to be critical design concerns in routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. We can achieve the first concern by finding the minimum energy path, while the latter, can be achieved by using multiple sub-optimal paths. In this paper, and for this purpose, we propose a routing protocol that exploits interaction between the MAC layer and the network layer. Our proposal is a simple cross-layer routing protocol that enhances the wireless sensor network lifetime by balancing the energy consumption in the forwarding task. To do so, the MAC layer informs the network layer about all the overheard communications of the neighboring nodes. According to this information, and in order to balance the energy consumption of the forwarding nodes, a node chooses its next hop among the less-used ones. Hence, the choice of the next hop is, contrary to existing multi-path routing protocols, not probabilistic and leads to better energy consumption balancing. We have used a mathematical model and simulations to evaluate the performance of our proposal. The final results have shown that our cross-layer routing protocol uses all forwarding nodes in an equitable manner compared to other routing protocols. This enables to avoid the network partitioning and to enhance the network lifetime.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ye, W., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2002). An energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In proceedings of twenty-first annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, (IEEE INFOCOM) (Vol. 3, pp. 1567–1576).

  2. Van Dam, T., & Langendoen, K. (2003). An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceeding of 1st ACM international conference on embedded networked sensor systems (SenSys’03) (pp. 171–180).

  3. Yessad, S., Nait-Abdesselam, F., Taleb, T., & Bensaou, S. (2007). R-MAC: Reservation medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. In 32nd IEEE conference on local computer networks (pp. 719–724).

  4. Bouabdallah, F., Bouabdallah, N., & Boutaba, R. (2009). On balancing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 58(6), 2909–2924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shah, R. C., & Rabaey, J. (2002). Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks. IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), 1, pp. 350–355.

  6. Yessad, S., Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L., & Aïssani, D. (2011). Proposition and evaluation of a novel routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Fifth international conference on verification and evaluation of computer and communication systems (VECoS’11), eWiC series, (pp. 1–9) British Computer Society Ed., London.

  7. Yessad, S., Tazarart, N., Bakli, L., Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L., & Aïssani, D. (2012). Balanced energy efficient routing protocol for WSN. International conference on communications and information technology (ICCIT’12) (pp. 326–330).

  8. Semchedine, F., Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L., Bennacer, L., Aber, N., & Aïssani, D. (2012). Routing protocol based on Tabu search for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 67(2), 105–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Srivastava, V., & Motani, M. (2005). Cross-layer design: a survey and the road ahead. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43(12), 112–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Schaar, M. V. D., & Shankar, S. (2005). Cross-layer wireless multimedia transmission: challenges, principles, and new paradigms. IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, 12(4), 50–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hurni, P., Braun, T., Bhargava, B. K., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Multi-hop cross-layer design in wireless sensor networks: A case study. In International conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WIMOB’08) (pp. 291–296).

  12. IEEE-802.11 (1997). Part11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) Specifications. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, Tech. Rep., June 1997, iEEE Std 802.11-1997.

  13. Braginsky, D., & Estrin, D. (2002). Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the first workshop on sensor networks and applications (WSNA) (pp. 22–31).

  14. Schurgers, C., & Srivastava, M. B. (2001). Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. In IEEE Military communications conference (MILCOM) on communications for network-centric operations : creating the information force, (Vol. 1, pp. 357–361).

  15. Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., & Estrin, D. (2000). Directed diffusion : a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking (MobiCom ’00) (pp. 56–67).

  16. Kaleeswari, N., & Baskaran, K. (2012). Implementation of energy balancing in wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Computer Science, 9(3), 553–560.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ren, F., Zhang, J., He, T., Lin, C., & Das, S. K. (2011). EBRP: energy-balanced routing protocol for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 22(12), 2108–2125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ahvar, E., & Fathy, M. (2010). BEAR: A balanced energy-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Network Journal, 2(10), 793–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Leuschner, C. J., & Hancke, G. P. (2007). SEER: A simple new routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. SA Computer Journal, 39, 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Akyildiz, I. F., & Vuran, M. C. (2010). Wireless sensor networks. Colorado: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Melodia, T., Vuran, M. C., & Pompili, D. (2005). The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of eurongi workshops on wireless and mobility, springer lecture notes on computer science, LNCS 388 (pp. 78–92).

  22. Pompili, D., Vuran, M. C., & Melodia, T. (2007). Cross-layer designs. In N. P. Mahalik (Ed.), Sensor networks and configuration (pp. 75–98). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Venkitasubramaniam, P., Adireddy, S., & Tong, L. (2003). Opportunistic ALOHA and cross layer design for sensor networks. In Proceedings of military communications conference (MILCOM’03) (Vol. 1, pp. 705–710).

  24. Yang, Y., & Yi, W. (2010). Rainbow: Reliable data collecting MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC) (pp. 1–6).

  25. Yuan, J., Li, Z., Yu, W., & Li, B. (2005). A cross-layer optimization framework for multicast in multi-hop wireless networks. In Proceedings of 1st international conference on wireless internet (pp. 47–54).

  26. Zamalloa, M. Z., Seada, K., Krishnamachari, B., & Helmy, A. (2008). Efficient geographic routing over lossy links in wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 4(3), 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Chiang, M. (2005). Balancing transport and physical layers in wireless multihop networks: Jointly optimal congestion control and power control. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, 23(1), 104–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kuruvila, J., Nayak, A., & Stojmenovic, I. (2005). Hop count optimal position based packet routing algorithms for ad hoc wireless networks with a realistic physical layer. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, 23(6), 1267–1275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Awang, A., Lagrange, X., & Ros, D. (2009). A Cross-layer medium access control and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. 10eme Journées Doctorales en Informatique et Réseaux (JDIR’09).

  30. Su, W., & Lim, T.L. (2006). Cross-layer design and optimization for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 7th ACIS international conference on software engineering, artificial intelligence, networking, and parallel/ Distributed Computing, (SNPD’06) (pp. 278–284).

  31. Fang, W., Liu, Z., & Liu, F. (2012). A cross-layer protocol for reliable and efficient communication. Wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 8(10B), 7185–7198.

  32. Akyildiz, I. F., Vuran, M. C., & Akan, O. B. (2006). A cross-layer protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the conference on information sciences and Systems (CISS’06) (pp. 1102–1107).

  33. Swathy, V., Manjubashini, N., & Savitha, R. (2014). Efficient communication protocolin cross-layer with location aware modulation in wireless sensor network. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(4), 837–842.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zorzi, M., & Rao, R. R. (2003). Geographic random forwarding (GeRaF) for ad hoc and sensor networks: energy and latency performance. IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing, 2(4), 349–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Skraba, P., Aghajan, H., & Bahai, A. (2004). Cross-layer optimization for high density sensor networks: distributed passive routing decisions. In Proceedings of International conference on ad-hoc, mobile, and wireless networks (AdHoc-Now’04) (pp. 266–279).

  36. Ferrara, D., Galluccio, L., Leonardi, A., Morabito, G., & Palazzo, S. (2005). MACRO: an integrated MAC/ROuting protocol for geographical forwarding in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of 24th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies (IEEE INFOCOM’05) (Vol. 3, pp. 1770–1781).

  37. Casari, P., Nati, M., Petrioli, C., & Zorzi, M. (2006). ALBA: an adaptive load-balanced algorithm for geographic forwarding in wireless sensor networks. In IEEE military communications conference (MILCOM’06) (pp. 1–9).

  38. Puccinelli, D., Sifakis, E., & Haenggi, M. (2006). A cross-layer approach to energy balancing in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of workshop networked embedded sensing and control (NESC’05) (pp. 309–324).

  39. Suh, C., Young-Bae, K., & Dong-Min, S. (2006). An energy efficient cross-layer MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Graduate School of Information and Communication, Ajou University, Republic of Korea. APWeb 2006, LNCS 3842 (pp. 410–419).

  40. Kechar, B., Louzani, A., Sekhri, L., & Khelfi, M. F. (2008). Energy efficient cross- layer MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the second international conference on verification and evaluation of computer and communication systems (VECoS’08) (pp. 61–71).

  41. Liu, S., Bai, Y., Sha, M., Deng, Q. & Qian, D. (2008). CLEEP: A novel cross-layer energy-efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks. In 4th International conference on wireless communication, networking and mobile computing (WiCOM ’08) (pp. 1–4).

  42. Kim, J., Lee, J., & Kim, S. (2009). An enhanced cross-layer protocol for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Third international conference on sensor technologies and applications (SENSORCOMM ’09) (pp. 657–664).

  43. http://csc.lsu.edu/sensor_web/simulator.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Modelling and Optimization of Systems (LAMOS), Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000, Bejaïa, Algeria

    Samira Yessad, Louiza Bouallouche-Medjkoune & Djamil Aïssani

Authors
  1. Samira Yessad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Louiza Bouallouche-Medjkoune
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Djamil Aïssani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samira Yessad.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yessad, S., Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L. & Aïssani, D. A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Balancing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 81, 1303–1320 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2185-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2185-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation