Abstract
The capacity enhancement promised by switched beam smart antenna is a function of efficient selection of the active beam at each point in time. This article presents the use of artificial neural network (ANN) to improve the performance of switched beam smart antenna. The proposed method is based on feed forward backpropagation ANN. In this design, samples of the calibration of the footprint of the base station is mapped to the radiation pattern of Butler matrix (BM) base station antenna arrays. A \(4\times 4\) BM is designed to implement the developed technique and a digitizer applied to obtain the ANN training data. The results are compared with the existing numerical method and negative selection algorithm based on received signal strength indicator. It is shown that the proposed method exhibits a better switching performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papadopoulos, K., Papagianni, C., Foukarakis, I., Kaklamani, D., & Venieris, I. (2006). Optimal design of switched beam antenna arrays using Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE first European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1–6.
Bobor-Oyibo, F., Foti, S., & Smith, D. (2008). A multiple switched beam Smart antenna with beam shaping for dynamic optimisation of capacity & coverage in mobile telecommunication networks. IEEE 8th international symposium on propagation and EM theory (ISAPE), 2008.
Chang, C.-C., Lee, R.-H., & Shih, T.-Y. (2010). Design of a beam switching/steering butler matrix for phased array system. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 58(2), 367–374.
Kaminski, P., Wincza, K., & Gruszczynski, S. (2014). Switched-beam antenna array with broadside beam fed by modified butler matrix for radar receiver application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56(3), 732–735.
Ibrahim, S. Z., & Rahim, M. (2007). Switched beam antenna using omnidirectional antenna array. IEEE Asia-Pacific conference on in applied electromagnetic (APACE), pp. 1–4.
Koubeissi, M., Decroze, C., Monediere, T., & Jecko, B. (2005). Switched-beam antenna based on novel design of Butler Matrices with broadside beam. Electronics Letters, 41(20), 1097–1098.
Tseng, C.-H., Chen, C.-J., & Chu, T.-H. (2008). A low-cost 60-GHz switched-beam patch antenna array with Butler matrix network. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 7, 432–435.
Lin, H.-I., & Liao, W.-J. (2012). A beam switching array based on Rotman lens for MIMO technology. IEEE international conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology (ICMMT), pp. 1–4.
Chen, W. H., Sun, J. W., Wang, X., Feng, Z. H., Chen, F. L., Furuya, Y., et al. (2007). A novel planar switched parasitic array antenna with steered conical pattern. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 55(6), 1883–1887.
Rahim, M. K. A., Mohd, N. M. S., Osman, A., & Masri, T. (2008). Switched beam antenna system design. IEEE international conference in RF and microwave (RFM), pp. 302–305.
Ali M., Rahman, T., Kamarudin, M., Tan, M. M., & Jamlos, M. (2010). A Reconfigurable orthogonal antenna array (ROAA) for scanning beam at 5.8 GHz. IEEE Asia-Pacific microwave conference proceedings (APMC), pp. 646–649.
Sooksumrarn, P., & Krairiksh, M. (2010). Dual-band mobile angle of arrival estimator. IEEE Asia-Pacific microwave conference proceedings (APMC), pp. 2099–2102.
Mitilineos, S. A., Papagianni, C. A., Verikaki, G. I., & Capsalis, C. N. (2004). Design of switched beam planar arrays using the method of genetic algorithms. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 46, 105–126.
Siachalou, E., Vafiadis, E., Goudos, S. S., Samaras, T., Koukourlis, C. S., & Panas, S. (2004). On the design of switched-beam wideband base stations. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 46, 158–167.
Evizal, A. K., Rahman, T. A., Rahim, S. K. B. A., Rosa, S. L., & Moradikordalivand, A. (2013). Application of negative selection algorithm in smart antenna system for Lte communication. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 56, 365–385.
Kaur, R., & Rattan, M. (2014). Optimization of the return loss of differentially fed microstrip patch antenna using ANN and Firefly algorithm. Wireless Personal Communications. doi:10.1007/s11277-014-2099-y.
Hwu, Y.-S., & Srinath, M. (1997). A neural network approach to design of smart antennas for wireless communication systems. Conference record of the 31st asilomar conference on computers, signals, systems & amp, pp. 145–148.
Neog, D. K., Pattnaik, S. S., Panda, D. C., Devi, S., & Khuntia, B. (2005). Design of a wideband microstrip antenna and the use of artificial neural networks in parameter calculation. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 47(3), 60–65.
Sorrentino, R., & Bianchi, G. (2010). Microwave and RF engineering. New Jersey: Wiley. (1).
Patnaik, A., Anagnostou, D., Christodoulou, C. G., & Lyke, J. C. (2005). A frequency reconfigurable antenna design using neural networks. IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium, p. 409.
Türker, N., Güneş, F., & Yildirim, T. (2006). Artificial neural networks applied to the design of microstrip antennas. Mikrotalasna Revija, 12(1), 10–14.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) in Malaysia for providing financial support for this work through the Science Fund Grant (R.J130000.7923.4S066). The grant is managed by Research Management Center (RMC), at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orakwue, S.I., Ngah, R., Rahman, T.A. et al. Implementation of Switched Beam Smart Antenna Using Artificial Neural Network. Wireless Pers Commun 83, 87–98 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2381-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2381-7