Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing on the Performance of Amplify-and-Forward Incremental Relaying

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multihop communication is widely used in cognitive radio networks to facilitate agile access to opportunistically available spectrum resources while adequately protecting primary users (PUs). However, the performance of this collaborative communication is sensitive to spectrum sensing accuracy and the unpredictable activities of PUs. To quantify the impact of these factors, this article studies the performance of amplify and forward based incremental relaying (IR) in an opportunistic spectrum sharing environment. Using rigorous mathematical analysis, closed form expressions are derived for the average spectral efficiency and the outage probability. The derived results show that imperfect spectrum sensing and the unpredictable activities of PUs degrade the quality of the direct link and thwart the relay from assisting the destination, hence causing significant performance losses. To recover some of these losses, this article proposes a novel selective IR protocol that allows the source to retransmit whenever the relay fails to assist the destination. Hence, creating a second chance of assistance. This protocol is shown to outperform IR while not sacrificing spectral efficiency. Computer simulations are used to verify the accuracy of the derived results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The extension to other fading models is straightforward. However, Rayleigh fading gives us the ability to obtain compact closed form expressions.

  2. It is customary to assume that ACKs and NACKs are transmitted over error-free channels [16, 21, 28].

  3. It should be emphasised that knowledge of the interference channels, i.e., \(h_{pr}\) and \(h_{pd}\), is not needed to obtain these expressions. See [4, 17, 19] for similar expressions.

  4. In general, the transmission SNR of R would be different from the transmission SNR of S. However, for mathematical convenience, they are generally assumed identical [3, 16].

  5. The analog nature of amplify and forward allows R to calculates \(\mathcal {G}_{\texttt {Idle}}\) and \(\mathcal {G}_{\texttt {Busy}}\) without necessarily knowing the status of P in \(n_1\).

  6. Observe that this is true even if R fails to assist D. This is because \(n_2\) will be dropped to maintain time synchronization.

  7. The 1 in the subscript is used to emphasis the time of S’s decision since in Sect. 4, S can make two decisions, one at the beginning of each time slot, \(D_{S,1}\) and \(D_{S,2}\).

References

  1. Abu Alkheir, A., & Ibnkahla, M. (2011). Performance analysis of cognitive radio relay networks using decode and forward selection relaying over Rayleigh fading channels. In IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 1–5).

  2. Abu Alkheir, A., & Ibnkahla, M. (2012a). Outage performance of decode and forward incremental relaying in an overlay spectrum sharing environment. In Biennial symposium on communications (QBSC) (pp. 128–131).

  3. Abu Alkheir, A., & Ibnkahla, M. (2012b). Performance analysis of decode and forward incremental relaying in the presence of multiple sources of interference. In IEEE vehicular technology conference (VTC Fall) (pp. 1–5).

  4. Abu Alkheir, A., & Ibnkahla, M. (2013). An accurate approximation of the exponential integral function using a sum of exponentials. IEEE Communications Letters, 17(7), 1364–1367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Akyildiz, I. F., Lo, B. F., & Balakrishnan, R. (2011). Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: A survey. Physical Communications, 4(1), 40–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Axell, E., Leus, G., Larsson, E., & Poor, H. (2012). Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio: State-of-the-art and recent advances. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 29(3), 101–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ben Letaief, K., & Zhang, W. (2009). Cooperative communications for cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(5), 878–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chu, S. I. (2014). Outage probability and DMT performance of underlay cognitive networks with incremental DF and AF relaying over Nakagami-m fading channels. IEEE Communications Letters, 18(1), 62–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Digham, F., Alouini, M. S., & Simon, M. (2003). On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels. In Proceedings of IEEE ICC (Vol. 5, pp. 3575–3579).

  10. Duong, T., Bao, V., & Zepernick, H. J. (2011). Exact outage probability of cognitive af relaying with underlay spectrum sharing. Electronics Letters, 47(17), 1001–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gradshteyn, I. S., & Ryzhik, I. M. (2007). Table of integrals, series, and products (7th ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Hasna, M., & Alouini, M. S. (2003). End-to-end performance of transmission systems with relays over Rayleigh-fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2(6), 1126–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang, H., Li, Z., Si, J., & Gao, R. (2013). Outage analysis of underlay cognitive multiple relays networks with a direct link. IEEE Communications Letters, 17(8), 1600–1603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hwang, K. S., Ko, Y. C., & Alouini, M. S. (2008). Performance analysis of incremental relaying with relay selection and adaptive modulation over non-identically distributed cooperative paths. In IEEE international symposium on information theory (ISIT) (pp. 2678–2682).

  15. Ikki, S., & Ahmed, M. (2008). Performance analysis of incremental relaying cooperative diversity networks over Rayleigh fading channels. In IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC) (pp. 1311–1315).

  16. Ikki, S., & Ahmed, M. (2009). Performance analysis of decode-and-forward incremental relaying cooperative-diversity networks over Rayleigh fading channels. In IEEE vehicular technology conference (VTC-Spring) (pp. 1–6).

  17. Ikki, S., Aïssa, S. (2010). Performance analysis of dual-hop relaying systems in the presence of co-channel interference. In IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 1–5).

  18. Ikki, S., & Aïssa, S. (2011). Effects of co-channel interference on the error probability performance of multi-hop relaying networks. In IEEE global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 1–5).

  19. Ikki, S. S., & Aissa, S. (2012). Multihop wireless relaying systems in the presence of cochannel interferences: Performance analysis and design optimization. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 61(2), 566–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim, J. B., & Kim, D. (2012). Outage probability and achievable diversity order of opportunistic relaying in cognitive secondary radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 60(9), 2456–2466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Laneman, J., Tse, D., & Wornell, G. (2004). Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 50(12), 3062–3080.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Liang, Y. C., Zeng, Y., Peh, E., & Hoang, A. T. (2008). Sensing-throughput tradeoff for cognitive radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(4), 1326–1337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Liang, Y. C., Chen, K. C., Li, G. Y., & Mahonen, P. (2011). Cognitive radio networking and communications: An overview. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 60(7), 3386–3407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Papoulis, A., & Pillai, S. U. (2002). Probability, random variables and stochastic processes (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sengupta, S., & Subbalakshmi, K. (2013). Open research issues in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(4), 168–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Suraweera, H., Michalopoulos, D., Schober, R., Karagiannidis, G., & Nallanathan, A. (2011). Fixed gain amplify-and-forward relaying with co-channel interference. In IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp 1–6).

  27. Suraweera, H., Michalopoulos, D., & Yuen, C. (2012). Performance analysis of fixed gain relay systems with a single interferer in Nakagami-\(m\) fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 61(3), 1457–1463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tourki, K., Qaraqe, K., & Alouini, M. S. (2013). Outage analysis for underlay cognitive networks using incremental regenerative relaying. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 62(2), 721–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Umar, R., Sheikh, A., & Deriche, M. (2014). Unveiling the hidden assumptions of energy detector based spectrum sensing for cognitive radios. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 16(2), 713–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang, J., Ghosh, M., & Challapali, K. (2011). Emerging cognitive radio applications: A survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(3), 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yucek, T., & Arslan, H. (2009). A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 11(1), 116–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

    Ala Abu Alkheir

  2. Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    Mohamed Ibnkahla

Authors
  1. Ala Abu Alkheir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed Ibnkahla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ala Abu Alkheir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abu Alkheir, A., Ibnkahla, M. Impact of Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing on the Performance of Amplify-and-Forward Incremental Relaying. Wireless Pers Commun 96, 4145–4166 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4373-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4373-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation