Abstract
As new generations of mobile radio come into service, bandwidth is becoming more and more scarce and systems with very high spectral efficiency become vital. Having a high spectral efficiency, Massive MIMO has shown to be a promising candidate for 5G. Distributing antennas in such systems make them even more spectrally efficient. Cell free Massive MIMO distributes antennas to cover all users in an area without the need to divide the area into cells. Realization of such systems in practice requires some big challenges to be resolved first. One of them is the antenna assignment to the users, which is studied in this paper. In this paper, mathematical relations for the joint optimization problem of antenna assignment and power-weight allocation are derived. In order to make the problem solvable, it is separated into two sub-problems: antenna assignment and power-weight allocation. Results show that the proposed sub-optimum algorithms for antenna assignment and the power-weight allocation can in fact be very effective.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Goldsmith, A., Jafar, S. A., Jindal, N., & Vishwanath, S. (2003). Capacity limits of MIMO channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 21(5), 684–702.
Spencer, Q. H., Peel, C. B., Swindlehurst, A. L., & Haardt, M. (2004). An introduction to the multi-user MIMO downlink. IEEE Communications Magazine, 42(10), 60–67.
Ghosh, A., et al. (2012). Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(6), 54–64.
Saraydar, C. U., & Yener, A. (2001). Adaptive cell sectorization for CDMA systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 19(6), 1041–1051.
Chan, G. K. (1992). Effects of sectorization on the spectrum efficiency of cellular radio systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 41(3), 217–225.
Van Veen, B. D., & Buckley, K. M. (1998). Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering. IEEE ASSP Magazine, 5(2), 4–24.
Wang, H., Li, L., Wang, J., Song, L., Ma, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2011). A transmit precoding scheme for downlink multiuser MIMO systems. In Vehicular technology conference (VTC Fall), San Francisco, CA (pp. 1–5).
Lu, L., Li, G. Y., Swindlehurst, A. L., Ashikhmin, A., & Zhang, R. (2014). An overview of massive MIMO: Benefits and challenges. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 8(5), 742–758.
Marzetta, T. L. (2010). Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(11), 3590–3600.
Rusek, F., et al. (2013). Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 30(1), 40–60.
Larsson, E. G., Edfors, O., Tufvesson, F., & Marzetta, T. L. (2014). Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 186–195.
Jungnickel, V., et al. (2014). The role of small cells, coordinated multipoint, and massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(5), 44–51.
Swindlehurst, A. L., Ayanoglu, E., Heydari, P., & Capolino, F. (2014). Millimeter-wave massive MIMO: The next wireless revolution? IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(9), 56–62.
Wang, C. X., et al. (2014). Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122–130.
Boccardi, F., Heath, R. W., Lozano, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Popovski, P. (2014). Five disruptive technology directions for 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 74–80.
Qiao, D., Wu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2014). Massive MIMO architecture for 5G networks: Co-located, or distributed? In 2014 11th International Symposium on Wireless Communications Systems (ISWCS), Barcelona (pp. 192–197).
Truong, K. T., & Heath, R. W. (2013). The viability of distributed antennas for massive MIMO systems. In 2013 Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, Pacific Grove, CA (pp. 1318–1323).
Kamga, G. N., Xia, M., & Assa, S. (2016). Spectral-efficiency analysis of massive MIMO systems in centralized and distributed schemes. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 64(5), 1930–1941.
Madhow, U., Brown, D. R., Dasgupta, S., & Mudumbai, R. (2014). Distributed massive MIMO: Algorithms, architectures and concept systems. In Information theory and applications workshop (ITA), San Diego, CA (pp. 1–7).
Saleh, A. A. M., et al. (1987). Distributed antennas for indoor radio communications. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 35(12), 1245–1251.
Choi, W., & Andrews, J. G. (2007). Downlink performance and capacity of distributed antenna systems in a multicell environment. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 6(1), 69–73.
Zhuang, Hairuo, Dai, Lin, Xiao, Liang, & Yao, Yan. (2003). Spectral efficiency of distributed antenna system with random antenna layout. Electronics Letters, 39(6), 495–496.
Zhang, J., & Andrews, J. G. (2008). Distributed antenna systems with randomness. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(9), 3636–3646.
Lee, S. R., Moon, S. H., Kim, J. S., & Lee, I. (2012). Capacity analysis of distributed antenna systems in a composite fading channel. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 11(3), 1076–1086.
Wang, D., Wang, J., You, X., Wang, Y., Chen, M., & Hou, X. (2013). Spectral efficiency of distributed MIMO systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(10), 2112–2127.
Heath, R., Peters, S., Wang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2013). A current perspective on distributed antenna systems for the downlink of cellular systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(4), 161–167.
Heath, R. W, Jr., Wu, T., Kwon, Y. H., & Soong, A. C. K. (2011). Multiuser MIMO in distributed antenna systems with out-of-cell interference. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 59(10), 4885–4899.
Marsch, P., & Fettweis, G. (2007). A framework for optimizing the downlink performance of distributed antenna systems under a constrained backhaul. Proceedings of European wireless conference, Glasgow (pp. 975–979).
Elijah, O., Leow, C. Y., Rahman, T. A., Nunoo, S., & Iliya, S. Z. (2016). A comprehensive survey of pilot contamination in massive MIMO5G system. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 18(2), 905–923.
Zhou, T., Peng, M., Wang, W., & Chen, H. H. (2013). Low-complexity coordinated beamforming for downlink multicell SDMA/OFDM systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 62(1), 247–255.
Huh, H., Tulino, A. M., & Caire, G. (2012). Network MIMO with linear zero-forcing beamforming: Large system analysis, impact of channel estimation, and reduced-complexity scheduling. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 58(5), 2911–2934.
Ngo, H. Q., Ashikhmin, A., Yang, H., Larsson, E. G., & Marzetta, T. L. (2015). Cell-Free massive MIMO: Uniformly great service for everyone. 2015 IEEE 16th international workshop on signal processing advances in wireless communications (SPAWC), Stockholm (pp. 201–205).
Nayebi, E., Ashikhmin, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Yang, H. (2015). Cell-Free massive MIMO systems. 2015 49th Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, Pacific Grove, CA (pp. 695–699).
Rogalin, R., et al. (2014). Scalable synchronization and reciprocity calibration for distributed multiuser MIMO. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(4), 1815–1831.
Jungnickel, V., Wirth, T., Schellmann, M., Haustein, T., & Zirwas, W. (2008). Synchronization of cooperative base stations. IEEE international symposium on wireless communication systems, Reykjavik (pp. 329–334).
Boyd, S., & Vandenberghe, L. (2004). Convex optimization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Horn, R. A., & Johnson, C. R. (1991). The Hadamard product. In Topics in matrix analysis (pp. 304–306). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boroujerdi, M.N., Abbasfar, A. & Ghanbari, M. Cell Free Massive MIMO with Constrained Coverage. Wireless Pers Commun 97, 333–348 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4507-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4507-6