Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

MLMAC-HEAP: A Multi-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Limited availability of energy is the most crucial constraint of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Most power consuming part of WSN node is transreceiver and operation of transreciever to access medium is controlled by the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. In WSN, till now, most of the present MAC protocols have addressed issues related to power saving. Because of energy constraints, performance is often not a focused design parameter in these MAC protocols. However, recent advances in energy harvesting technology have made it possible to obtain energy from the environment to solve energy limitations. So in this paper, a new multi layer based MAC protocol, MLMAC-HEAP is designed for solar energy harvesting criterion considering performance as the mainly focused parameter. Performance is illustrated in terms of throughput. This paper evaluates the performance of MLMAC-HEAP as a function of energy harvesting rate and number of nodes in network and results are compared and shown to outperform well known MAC protocols. Then, the paper analyses the protocol for various traffic models. Based on application-level requirements, optimization is also done for number of layers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Althobaiti, A. S., & Abdullah, M. (2015). Medium access control protocols for wireless sensor networks classifications and cross-layering. Procedia Computer Science,65, 4–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Didioui, A. (2015). Energy-aware transceiver for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Signal and Image Processing.

  3. Jha, M. K., Kumar, A., Pal, D., & Mohan, A. (2011). An energy-efficient multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ),65(3), 209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ye, W., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2002). An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2002 (pp. 1567–1576).

  5. Thalore, R., Sharma, J., Khurana, M., & Jha, M. K. (2013). QoS evaluation of energy-efficient ML-MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ),67(12), 1048–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Khurana, M., Thalore, R., Raina, V., & Jha, M. K. (2015). Improved time synchronization in ML-MAC for WSN using relay nodes. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ),69(11), 1622–1626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., & Johnson, D. B. (2008). RI-MAC: A receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks. In SenSys (pp. 1–14).

  8. Fafoutis, X., & Dragoni, N. (2011). ODMAC: An on-demand MAC protocol for energy harvesting-wireless sensor networks. In PEWASUN 2011: Proceedings of the 8th ACM symposium on performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks (pp. 49–56).

  9. Fafoutis, X., Mauro, A. D., Orfanidis, C., & Dragoni, N. (2015). Energy-efficient medium access control for energy harvesting communications. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,61(4), 402–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fafoutis, X., & Dragoni, N. (2012). Adaptive media access control for energy-harvesting-wireless sensor networks. In INSS 2012: Ninth international conference on networked sensing systems, Belgium.

  11. Nguyen, K., Nguyen, V., Le, D., Ji, Y., Duong, D. A., & Yamada, S. (2014). ERI-MAC: An energy-harvested receiver-initiated MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,10, 514167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Eu, Z. A., Tan, H. P., & Seah, W. K. G. (2011). Design and performance analysis of MAC schemes for wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. Ad Hoc Networks,9(3), 300–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Eu, Z. A., & Tan, H. P. (2012) Probabilistic polling for multi-hop energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Ad hoc and sensor networking symposium. IEEE.

  14. Frezzetti, A., Manfredi, S., & Pagano, M. (2015). A design approach of the solar harvesting control system for wireless sensor node. Control Engineering Practice,44, 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim, T., Park, J., Kim, J., Noh, J., & Cho, S. (2017). REACH : An efficient MAC protocol for RF energy harvesting in wireless sensor network. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6438726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sherazi, H. H. R., Grieco, L. A., & Boggia, G. (2018). A comprehensive review on energy harvesting MAC protocols in WSNs: Challenges and tradeoffs. Ad Hoc Networks,71, 117–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kosunalp, S. (2016). A new energy prediction algorithm for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks with Q-learning. IEEE Access,4, 5755–5763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kosunalp, S. (2017). An energy prediction algorithm for wind-powered wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting. Energy,139, 1275–1280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Singh, R., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Energy efficient cross layer based adaptive threshold routing protocol for WSN. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ),72, 166–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cammarano, A., Petrioli, C., & Spenza, D. (2012). Pro-energy: A novel energy prediction model for solar and wind energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE international conference on mobile ad-hoc and sensor systems (pp. 75–83).

  21. Shaikh, F. K., & Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1041–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Texas Instruments’ eZ430-RF2500-SEH datasheet. Retrieved April 02, 2018, from http://www.ti.com/tool/EZ430-RF2500-SEH.

  23. Texas Instruments’s cc2500 low-cost low-power 2.4 GHz RF transceiver. Retrieved April 02, 2018, from http://www.ti.com/product/CC2500.

  24. Wang, Q. (2010). Traffic analysis & modeling in wireless sensor networks and their applications on network. Network Protocols and Algorithms,2(1), 74–92.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kassim, M., Ismail, M., & Yusof, M. I. (2015). Statistical analysis and modeling of internet traffic IP-based network for tele-traffic engineering. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,10(3), 1505–1512.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

    Aarti Kochhar

  2. University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Pardeep Kaur & Preeti Singh

  3. Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India

    Pardeep Kaur & B. S. Sohi

Authors
  1. Aarti Kochhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pardeep Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Preeti Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. S. Sohi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aarti Kochhar.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kochhar, A., Kaur, P., Singh, P. et al. MLMAC-HEAP: A Multi-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting. Wireless Pers Commun 110, 893–911 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06762-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06762-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation