Abstract
Massive multiple-input and multiple-output systems combined with hybrid beamforming technique is a key approach to achieve high data rate and extended cell coverage in the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks . Specifically, the precoding for analog/digital hybrid beamforming technique is absolutely essential for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency based transmission for 5G, simply because the technique reduces hardware complexity and energy consumption for high-frequency design. In order to prove the aforementioned advantages, the present paper will investigate the energy efficiency (EE) and optimization of low complexity hybrid precoding (EELCHP) algorithm to enable the reduction of radio frequency (RF) chains within the base station (BS). The proposed solution will also incorporate high-resolution phase shifters (HRPS) specifically for downlink multi-user mm-wave system. The intelligence within the EELCHP algorithm for hybrid beamforming is based on the fully complex zero-forcing (ZF) precoding mechanism that allowed the maximization of energy efficiency by reducing the RF chains, without affecting the potentially increasing number of antennas. In addition, maximum EE is possible by eliminating the nonlinear concave fractional issue based on the Lagrange duality method. During the simulation process of the proposed method, we further realized that hardware complexity and power consumption can be reduced by allowing the RF chains to select only one beam per switch within the beamforming solution. Furthermore, with the implementation of EELCHP algorithm, more energy is saved due to low complexity system by reducing the required RF chain.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (V.1627), FRGS (V. K190), and TIER1 (V.H243).
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Salh, A., Audah, L., Mohd Shah, N.S. et al. Energy-Efficient Power Allocation with Hybrid Beamforming for Millimetre-Wave 5G Massive MIMO System. Wireless Pers Commun 115, 43–59 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07559-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07559-w