Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Energy Efficient Inactive Node Detection Based Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Network

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The delay tolerant network multi-copy protocols create and transmit multiple copies of each message that overload the buffer size, energy and bandwidth. The resource consumption is controlled by transmitting the messages to nodes having high encountering ability to meet their destinations. Hence, nodes loss energy only in transmitting and receiving messages and went to dead state. However, message transmission continues even though the destination is dead. This wastes the network resources because messages destining to dead node will not be able to find their destinations. The existing routing protocols focus on message transmissions and do not have any mechanism to detect inactive nodes or to stop massage replications destining to inactive nodes. In this paper we have proposed a routing protocol called as Energy Efficient Inactive Node Detecting Based Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Network (InD). The proposed protocol has employed the node mobility to detect inactive nodes. Moreover, an intelligent buffer management policy has been designed that detect and drop those messages which are destining to dead nodes. The real time mobility scenarios have been used to evaluate the performance of existing and proposed routing protocols under the metrics of message transmissions, message drop, and message delivery and hop count average.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Johnson, D. B., & Maltz, D. A. (1996). Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Mobile computing (pp. 153–181). Springer, Boston.

  2. JMaltz, D. B., Johnson, D. A., & Josh, B. (2001). DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks (pp. 15213–3891). Pittsburgh: Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Fall, K. (2003). A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets. In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications (pp. 27–34). ACM.

  4. Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst, R., Scott, K., Fall, K., & Weiss, H. (2007). Delay-tolerant networking architecture. No. RFC 4838.

  5. Nelson, S. C., Bakht, M., Kravets, R., & Harris, A. F, I. I. I. (2009). Encounter: Based routing in DTNs. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 13(1), 56–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Abdelkader, T., Naik, K., Nayak, A., Goel, N. (2010). A socially-based routing protocol for delay tolerant networks. In Global telecommunications conference (GLOBECOM 2010) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  7. Lindgren, A., & Phanse, K. S. (2006). Evaluation of queueing policies and forwarding strategies for routing in intermittently connected networks. In First international conference on communication system software and middleware, 2006. Comsware 2006 (pp. 1–10). IEEE.

  8. Li, Y., Zhao, L., Liu, Z., & Liu, Q. (2009). N-Drop: Congestion control strategy under epidemic routing in DTN. In Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on wireless communications and mobile computing: Connecting the world wirelessly (pp. 457–460). ACM.

  9. Jain, S., Fall, K., & Patra, R. (2004). Routing in a delay tolerant network. In Proceedings of the 2004 conference on applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications. SIGCOMM ’04 (pp. 145–158). ACM, New York, NY, USA.

  10. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., & Raghavendra, C. S. (2004). Single-copy routing in intermittently connected mobile networks. In Proceedings of IEEE conference sensor and ad hoc communications and networks (SECON) (pp. 235–244). IEEE.

  11. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., & Raghavendra, C. S. (2008). Efficient routing in intermittently connected mobile networks: The multiple-copy case. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 16(1), 77–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Vahdat, A., & Becker, D. (2000). Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks. Technical report. CS-200006, Duke University.

  13. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., & Raghavendra, C. S. (2005). Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In Proceeding of mobile computer and communication review (Vol. 7, pp. 252–259). ACM

  14. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., & Raghavendra, C. S. (2007). Spray and focus: Efficient mobility-assisted routing for heterogeneous and correlated mobility. In Fifth annual IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops, 2007. PerCom Workshops’ 07 (pp. 79–85). IEEE.

  15. Wang, G., Wang, B., & Gao, Y. (2010). Dynamic spray and wait routing algorithm with quality of node in delay tolerant network. In 2010 International conference on communications and mobile computing (CMC) (Vol. 3, pp. 452–456). IEEE.

  16. Zhang, J., & Luo, G. (2012). Adaptive spraying for routing in delay tolerant networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 66(1), 217–233.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Fathima, G., & Wahidabanu, R. S. D. (2014). Prioritization of traffic for resource constrained delay tolerant networks. International Journal of Computers Communications & Control, 7(2), 252–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Prodhan, A. T., Das, R., Kabir, H., & Shoja, G. C. (2011). TTL based routing in opportunistic networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(5), 1660–1670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lindgren, A., Doria, A., & Schelen, O. (2004). Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. In Service assurance with partial and intermittent resources (pp. 239–254). Springer.

  20. Lindgren, A., Doria, A., & Scheln, O. (2003). Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 7(3), 19–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jathar, R., & Gupta, A. (2010). Probabilistic routing using contact sequencing in delay tolerant networks. In 2010 Second international conference on communication systems and networks (COMSNETS) (pp. 1–10). IEEE.

  22. Sok, P., & Kim, K. (2013). Distance-based PRoPHET routing protocol in disruption tolerant network. In 2013 International conference on ICT convergence (ICTC) (pp. 159–164). IEEE.

  23. Medjiah, S., & Ahmed, T., (2011). Orion routing protocol for delay tolerant networks. In 2011 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  24. Hui, P., Crowcroft, J., & Yoneki, E. (2011). Bubble rap: Social-based forwarding in delay-tolerant networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 10(11), 1576–1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Abdelkader, T., Naik, K., Nayak, A., Goel, N., & Srivastava, V. (2013). SGBR: A routing protocol for delay tolerant networks using social grouping. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 24(12), 2472–2481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Dang, H., & Hongyi, W. (2010). Clustering and cluster-based routing protocol for delay-tolerant mobile networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(6), 1874–1881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhu, Y., Xu, B., Shi, X., & Wang, Y. (2013). A survey of social-based routing in delay tolerant networks: Positive and negative social effects. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 15(1), 387–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Elwhishi, A., Pin-Han, H., Naik, K., & Shihada, B. (2013). Self-adaptive contention aware routing protocol for intermittently connected mobile networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems., 24(7), 1422–1435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ayub, Q., Sulma Rashid, M., Zahid, S. M., & Abdullah, A. H. (2014). Contact quality based forwarding strategy for delay tolerant network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 39, 302–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ayub, Q., Zahid, S. M., Rashid, S., & Abdullah, A. H. (2015). Threshold based best custodian routing protocol for delay tolerant network. International Journal of Computers Communications & Control, 10(3), 298–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ayub, Q., Zahid, M. S. M., Rashid, S., & Abdullah, A. H. (2014). DF++: An adaptive buffer-aware probabilistic delegation forwarding protocol for Delay Tolerant Network. Cluster Computing, 17(4), 1465–1472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ayub, Q., Zahid, M. S. M., Rashid, S., & Abdullah, A. H. (2013). Threshold based locking routing strategy for delay tolerant network. Wireless Networks, 19(8), 2067–2078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Acer, U. G., Kalyanaraman, S., & Abouzeid, A. A. (2011). DTN routing using explicit and probabilistic routing table states. Wireless Networks, 17(5), 1305–1321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang, G., Han, T., Shan, W., Liu, C., & Shu, Y. (2012). A hybrid DTN-DSR routing protocol based on clustering. In 2012 8th international conference on wireless communications, networking and mobile computing (WiCOM) (pp. 1–4). IEEE.

  35. Burgess, J., Gallagher, B., Jensen, D., & Levine, B. N. (2006). MaxProp: Routing for vehicle-based disruption-tolerant networks. In Infocom (Vol. 6, pp. 1–11).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan

    Qaisar Ayub

  2. Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Islamabad University, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Pakistan

    Sulma Rashid

Authors
  1. Qaisar Ayub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sulma Rashid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qaisar Ayub.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ayub, Q., Rashid, S. Energy Efficient Inactive Node Detection Based Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Network. Wireless Pers Commun 116, 227–248 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07712-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07712-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation