Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Design and Implementation of Routing Algorithm to Enhance Network Lifetime in WBAN

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Today’s era is the era of smart and remote applications exploiting advancement in sensors, cloud, Internet of things etc. Major application is in healthcare monitoring and support using wireless body area network (WBAN) in which sensor nodes sense vital physiological parameters and send to server through sink i.e. smart phone nowadays for seamless monitoring. The most significant issue in such applications is energy efficiency which leads to enhanced network life time that ensures uninterrupted seamless services. From source to sink data transmission may occur considering three different scenarios: source to sink single hop direct data transmission irrespective of in-between node distance, source to sink multi hop data transmission in which transmission range of source node is fixed at a threshold to find next forwarder node and transmission range of source node is incremented by affixed value until data gets transmitted to sink. In this work WBAN having different network configurations based on fixed or random positions of nodes have been simulated. Different scenarios with fixed and varying number of nodes are framed and simulated using MATLAB 2020a for performance evaluation of proposed algorithm in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, path loss etc. due to data transmission from source to sink. Experimental results show that incremental approach is better than direct one in terms of energy consumption, path loss and network lifetime. While selecting transmission range of a source node, it is considered to keep Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) lower to reduce impact on human tissue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

(Data transparency): Available.

Code availability

(Software application or custom code): Available.

References

  1. Ha, I. (2016). Even energy consumption and backside routing: An improved routing protocol for effective data transmission in wireless body area networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 12(7), 1550147716657932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Saha, R., Biswas, S., & Pradhan, G. (2017). A priority based routing protocol with extensive survey and comparison of related works for healthcare applications using WBAN. In 2017 International conference on wireless communications, signal processing and networking (WiSPNET) (pp. 1424–1430). IEEE.

  3. Biswas, S., Bhattacharya, T., & Saha, R. (2018). On fall detection using smartphone sensors. In 2018 International conference on wireless communications, signal processing and networking (WiSPNET) (pp. 1–4). IEEE.

  4. Patel, M., & Wang, J. (2010). Applications, challenges, and prospective in emerging body area networking technologies. IEEE Wireless Communications, 17(1), 80–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Qadri, Y. A., Nauman, A., Zikria, Y. B., Vasilakos, A. V., & Kim, S. W. (2020). The future of healthcare internet of things: A survey of emerging technologies. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 22(2), 1121–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cavallari, R., Martelli, F., Rosini, R., Buratti, C., & Verdone, R. (2014). A survey on wireless body area networks: Technologies and design challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(3), 1635–1657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Movassaghi, S., Abolhasan, M., Lipman, J., Smith, D., & Jamalipour, A. (2014). Wireless body area networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(3), 1658–1686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Rehmani, M. H., & Pathan, A. S. K. (Eds.). (2016). Emerging communication technologies based on wireless sensor networks: current research and future applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sharma, R., Ryait, H. S., & Gupta, A. K. (2016). Wireless body area network–a review. Research Cell: An International Journal of Engineering Sciences, 17, 494–499.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Qu, Y., Zheng, G., Ma, H., Wang, X., Ji, B., & Wu, H. (2019). A survey of routing protocols in WBAN for healthcare applications. Sensors, 19(7), 1638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. AgarwalN, B. S., & SaifS, S. R. (2019). Evaluation of WBAN with and without temporal model using Castalia”. Tech Vistas, MAKAUT, WB, 1(2), 10–21.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Javaid, N., Abbas, Z., Fareed, M. S., Khan, Z. A., & Alrajeh, N. (2013). M-ATTEMPT: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks. Procedia Computer Science, 19, 224–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Khan, Z. A., Sivakumar, S., Phillips, W., & Robertson, B. (2014). ZEQoS: a new energy and QoS-aware routing protocol for communication of sensor devices in healthcare system. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(6), 627689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bangash, J. I., Abdullah, A. H., Anisi, M. H., & Khan, A. W. (2014). A survey of routing protocols in wireless body sensor networks. Sensors, 14(1), 1322–1357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Aziz, Z., Qureshi, U. M., Shaikh, F. K., Bohra, N., Khelil, A., & Felemban, E. (2016). Revisiting routing in wireless body area networks. Emerging Communication Technologies Based on Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Research and Future Applications, 89.

  16. Shahbazi, Z., & Byun, Y. C. (2020). Towards a secure thermal-energy aware routing protocol in wireless body area network based on blockchain technology. Sensors, 20(12), 3604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Nabila, A. (2019). A QoS based comparative analysis of the IEEE standards 802.15. 4 & 802.15. 6 in WBAN-based healthcare monitoring systems. In 2019 International conference on wireless technologies, embedded and intelligent systems (WITS) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  18. Huynh, T. T., Dinh-Duc, A. V., & Tran, C. H. (2016). Delay-constrained energy-efficient cluster-based multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Communications and Networks, 18(4), 580–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rashed, M., Kabir, M. H., & Ullah, S. E. (2012). WEP: An energy efficient protocol for cluster based heterogeneous wireless sensor network. arXiv preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.3882.

  20. Ivanov, S., Foley, C., Balasubramaniam, S., & Botvich, D. (2012). Virtual groups for patient WBAN monitoring in medical environments. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 59(11), 3238–3246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Monowar, M. M., Mehedi Hassan, M., Bajaber, F., Hamid, M. A., & Alamri, A. (2014). Thermal-aware multiconstrained intrabody QoS routing for wireless body area networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(3), 676312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ahmad, A., Javaid, N., Qasim, U., Ishfaq, M., Khan, Z. A., & Alghamdi, T. A. (2014). RE-ATTEMPT: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(4), 464010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Javaid, N., Ahmad, A., Nadeem, Q., Imran, M., & Haider, N. (2015). iM-SIMPLE: iMproved stable increased-throughput multi-hop link efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1003–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ul Huque, M. T. I., Munasinghe, K. S., & Jamalipour, A. (2014). Body node coordinator placement algorithms for wireless body area networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2(1), 94–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Adhikary, S., Choudhury, S., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2016). A new routing protocol for WBAN to enhance energy consumption and network lifetime. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on distributed computing and networking (pp. 1–6).

  26. Smail, O., Kerrar, A., Zetili, Y., & Cousin, B. (2016). ESR: Energy aware and stable routing protocol for WBAN networks. In 2016 International wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC) (pp. 452–457). IEEE.

  27. Ahmed, G., Jianhua, Z., & Fareed, M. M. S. (2017). PERA: priority-based energy-efficient routing algorithm for WBANs. Wireless Personal Communications, 96(3), 4737–4753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Khan, R. A., Mohammadani, K. H., Soomro, A. A., Hussain, J., Khan, S., Arain, T. H., & Zafar, H. (2018). An energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensornetworks. Wireless Personal Communications, 99(4), 1443–1454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Saha, R., Naskar, S., Biswas, S., & Saif, S. (2019). Performance evaluation of energy efficient routing with or without relay in medical body sensor network. Health and Technology, 9(5), 805–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ullah, F., et al. (2019). Traffic priority based delay-aware and energy efficient path allocation routing protocol for wireless body area network. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(10), 3775–3794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sagar, A. K., Singh, S., & Kumar, A. (2020). Energy-aware WBAN for health monitoring using critical data routing (CDR). Wireless Personal Communications, 112, 273–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., & Zhang, S. (2020). An adaptive energy-aware relay mechanism for IEEE 802.15.6 wireless body area networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 115, 2363–2389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Navya, V., Deepalakshmi, P. (2018). Threshold-based energy-efficient routing for transmission of critical physiological parameters in a wireless body area network under emergency scenarios. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 1–10.

  34. Tariq, F., Anwar, M., Janjua, A. R., Khan, M. H., Khan, A. U., & Javaid, N. (2020). Blockchain in WSNs, VANets, IoTs and healthcare: A survey. In Workshops of the international conference on advanced information networking and applications (pp. 267–279). Cham: Springer.

  35. Li, Y., Bakkaloglu, B., & Chakrabarti, C. (2007). A system level energy model and energy-quality evaluation for integrated transceiver front-ends. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 15(1), 90–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Bernardi, P., Cavagnaro, M., Pisa, S., & Piuzzi, E. (2000). Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of a cellular-phone user. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 48(7), 1118–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jang, C.W. (2005). U.S. Patent No. 6,920,344. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

  38. Hochwald, B. M., & Love, D. J. (2012). Minimizing exposure to electromagnetic radiation in portable devices. In 2012 Information theory and applications workshop (pp. 255–261). IEEE.

  39. Mouzehkesh, N., Zia, T., Shafigh, S., & Zheng, L. (2015). Dynamic backoff scheduling of low data rate applications in wireless body area networks. Wireless Networks, 21(8), 2571–2592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sakurai, T., Kiyokawa, T., Narita, E., Suzuki, Y., Taki, M., & Miyakoshi, J. (2011). Analysis of gene expression in a human-derived glial cell line exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Journal of Radiation Research, 52(2), 185–192.

  41. Kathe, K. S., & Deshpande, U. A. (2019). A thermal aware routing algorithm for a wireless body area network. Wireless Personal Communications, 105(4), 1353–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Chiti, F., Fantacci, R., Archetti, F., Messina, E., & Toscani, D. (2009). An integrated communications framework for context aware continuous monitoring with body sensor networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 27(4), 379–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Semiconductor, N. (2007). nRF24L01 Single Chip 2.4 GHz Transceiver, (Product Specification Revision 2.0).

  44. Mathew, R., Younis, M., & Elsharkawy, S. M. (2005). Energy-efficient bootstrapping for wireless sensor networks. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 1(2), 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mondal, A. S., Neogy, S., Mukherjee, N., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2019). A survey of issues and solutions of health data management systems. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 15(2), 155–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Himsoon, T., Siriwongpairat, W. P., Han, Z., & Liu, K. R. (2007). Lifetime maximization via cooperative nodes and relay deployment in wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications., 25(2), 306–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been carried out with the grant received in research project with sanction no. CRS ID:-1-5758863831 from MHRD, Govt. of India under TEQIP III in Collaborative Research Scheme (CRS), AICTE.

Funding

Grant received in research project with sanction no. CRS ID:-1-5758863831from MHRD, Govt. of India under TEQIP III in Collaborative Research Scheme (CRS), AICTE.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Ramesh Saha, Satyajit Sarma & Pranesh Das

  2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana AbulKalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Suparna Biswas

  3. Department of Computer Science, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

    Sushanta Karmakar

Authors
  1. Ramesh Saha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Suparna Biswas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Satyajit Sarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sushanta Karmakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pranesh Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suparna Biswas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Saha, R., Biswas, S., Sarma, S. et al. Design and Implementation of Routing Algorithm to Enhance Network Lifetime in WBAN. Wireless Pers Commun 118, 961–998 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-08054-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-08054-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation