Abstract
Liver cancer is amongst the most cancer-related life threats worldwide. If not detected early, most liver diseases can lead to liver cancer. Early diagnosis of the disease depends on the physician's expertise; in some cases, it is difficult for even well-trained physicians to diagnose the condition by only visual inspection. With the help of automated detection systems (ADSs), medical experts can efficiently diagnose liver diseases, reducing the mortality rate due to liver cancer. This detailed study of various ADSs for liver disease detection is available today. The authors focus the analysis on the applications of single-pass neural networks in medical imaging. Also, special efforts explain the applications of single-pass neural networks in liver cancer classification using ultrasound imaging. Further, a detailed analysis is on the users' benefits of this non-iterative approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.
References
Torbati, N., Ayatollahi, A., & Kermani, A. (2014). An efficient neural network based method for medical image segmentation. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 44(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.10.029
Rhyou, S. Y., & Yoo, J. C. (2021). Cascaded deep learning neural network for automated liver steatosis diagnosis using ultrasound images. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165304
Brehar, R., Mitrea, D. A., Vancea, F., Marita, T., Nedevschi, S., Lupsor-Platon, M., & Badea, R. I. (2020). Comparison of deep-learning and conventional machine-learning methods for the automatic recognition of the hepatocellular carcinoma areas from ultrasound images. Sensors (Switzerland), 20(11), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113085
Bartlett, P. L. (1998). The sample complexity of pattern classification with neural networks: The size of the weights is more important than the size of the network. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 44(2), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1109/18.661502
Wang, X., & Cao, W. (2018). Non-iterative approaches in training feed-forward neural networks and their applications. Soft Computing, 22(11), 3473–3476. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00500-018-3203-0
Huang, G. B., Zhu, Q. Y., & Siew, C. K. (2006). Extreme learning machine: Theory and applications. Neurocomputing, 70(1–3), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUCOM.2005.12.126
Pao, Y. H., Phillips, S. M., & Sobajic, D. J. (1992). Neural-net computing and the intelligent control of systems. International Journal of Control, 56(2), 263–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207179208934315
Pao, Y. H., Park, G. H., & Sobajic, D. J. (1994). Learning and generalization characteristics of the random vector functional-link net. Neurocomputing, 6(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-2312(94)90053-1
Pao, Y. H., Phillips, S. M., & Sobajic, D. J. (2007). Neural-net computing and the intelligent control of systems. International Journal of Control, 56(2), 263–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207179208934315
Schmidt, W. F., Kraaijveld, M. A., & Duin, R. P. W. (1992). Feed forward neural networks with random weights. Proceedings—International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1992.201708
Cao, W., Wang, X., Ming, Z., & Gao, J. (2018). A review on neural networks with random weights. Neurocomputing, 275, 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUCOM.2017.08.040
Liu, Y., Cao, W., Ming, Z., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., & Xu, Z. (2020). Ensemble neural networks with random weights for classification problems. PervasiveHealth Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1145/3446132.3446147
Tang, J., Deng, C., & Huang, G. B. (2016). Extreme learning machine for multilayer perceptron. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 27(4), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2015.2424995
Wang, Z., Luo, Y., Xin, J., Zhang, H., Qu, L., Wang, Z., & Wang, X. (2020). Computer-aided diagnosis based on extreme learning machine: A review. IEEE Access, 8, 141657–141673. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012093
Wang, J., Lu, S., Wang, S. H., & Zhang, Y. D. (2021). A review on extreme learning machine. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2021, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11042-021-11007-7
Kuppili, V., Biswas, M., Sreekumar, A., Suri, H. S., Saba, L., Edla, D. R., & Suri, J. S. (2017). Extreme learning machine framework for risk stratification of fatty liver disease using ultrasound tissue characterization. Journal of Medical Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10916-017-0797-1
Pasyar, P., Mahmoudi, T., Kouzehkanan, S. Z. M., Ahmadian, A., Arabalibeik, H., Soltanian, N., & Radmard, A. R. (2021). Hybrid classification of diffuse liver diseases in ultrasound images using deep convolutional neural networks. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2020.100496
Wu, C. C., Lee, W. L., Chen, Y. C., & Hsieh, K. S. (2013). Evolution-based hierarchical feature fusion for ultrasonic liver tissue characterization. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 17(5), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2013.2261819
Gorunescu, F., Belciug, S., Gorunescu, M., & Badea, R. (2012). Intelligent decision-making for liver fibrosis stadialization based on tandem feature selection and evolutionary-driven neural network. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(17), 12824–12832. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2012.05.011
Ömür, B., & Baki, S. (2010). Diagnosis of liver disease by using CMAC neural network approach. Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal, 37(9), 6157–6164. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2010.02.112
Rau, H. H., Hsu, C. Y., Lin, Y. A., Atique, S., Fuad, A., Wei, L. M., & Hsu, M. H. (2016). Development of a web-based liver cancer prediction model for type II diabetes patients by using an artificial neural network. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 125, 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMPB.2015.11.009
Di Bisceglie, A. M. (1988). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of Internal Medicine, 108(3), 390. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-390
Pisani, P., Maxwell, D., Bray, F., & Ferlay, J. (1999). Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Journal of Cancer, 83, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990924)83:1
Boctor, E. M., Taylor, R. H., Fichtinger, G., & Choti, M. A. (2003). Robotically assisted intraoperative ultrasound with application to ablative therapy of liver cancer. Medical Imaging 2003: Visualization Image-Guided Procedures, and Display, 5029, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.480338
Nakakura, E. K., & Choti, M. A. (2000). Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology (Williston Park, NY), 14(7), 1085–1098.
Lee, W. L., Chen, Y. C., & Hsieh, K. S. (2003). Ultrasonic liver tissues classification by fractal feature vector based on M-band wavelet transform. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 22(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2003.809593
Ribeiro, R., & Sanches, J. (2009). Fatty liver characterization and classification by ultrasound. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 5524 LNCS (pp. 354–361). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02172-5_46
Macdonald, G. (2008). Harrison’s internal medicine, 17th edition. - by A. S. Fauci, D. L. Kasper, D. L. Longo, E. Braunwald, S. L. Hauser, J. L. Jameson and J. Loscalzo. Internal Medicine Journal, 38(12), 932–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1445-5994.2008.01837.X
Lin, R. H. (2009). An intelligent model for liver disease diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 47(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARTMED.2009.05.005
Lin, R. H., & Chuang, C. L. (2010). A hybrid diagnosis model for determining the types of the liver disease. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 40(7), 665–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPBIOMED.2010.06.002
Parkin, D. M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Pisani, P. (2005). Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 55(2), 74–108. https://doi.org/10.3322/CANJCLIN.55.2.74
Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., & Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65(2), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.3322/CAAC.21262
Acharya, U. R., Fujita, H., Bhat, S., Raghavendra, U., Gudigar, A., Molinari, F., & Hoong Ng, K. (2016). Decision support system for fatty liver disease using GIST descriptors extracted from ultrasound images. Information Fusion, 29, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INFFUS.2015.09.006
Acharya, U. R., Raghavendra, U., Fujita, H., Hagiwara, Y., Koh, J. E., Jen Hong, T., & Ng, K. H. (2016). Automated characterization of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis using curvelet transform and entropy features extracted from ultrasound images. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 79, 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPBIOMED.2016.10.022
Omagari, K., Kadokawa, Y., Masuda, J. I., Egawa, I., Sawa, T., Hazama, H., & Kohno, S. (2002). Fatty liver in non-alcoholic non-overweight Japanese adults: Incidence and clinical characteristics. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia), 17(10), 1098–1105. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1440-1746.2002.02846.X
Chiappa, A., Bertani, E., Zbar, A. P., Foschi, D., Fazio, N., Zampino, M., & Biffi, R. (2016). Optimizing treatment of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: Resection or resection plus ablation? International Journal of Oncology, 48(3), 1280–1289. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJO.2016.3324
Boyle, P., & Ferlay, J. (2005). Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004. Annals of oncology: Official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 16(3), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNONC/MDI098
Yue, W. W., Wang, S., Xu, H. X., Sun, L. P., Guo, L. H., Bo, X. W., & Liu, B. J. (2016). Parametric imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound for differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic liver cancer. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 64(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-162060
Faust, O., Acharya, U. R., Meiburger, K. M., Molinari, F., Koh, J. E. W., Yeong, C. H., & Ng, K. H. (2018). Comparative assessment of texture features for the identification of cancer in ultrasound images: A review. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 38(2), 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBE.2018.01.001
Venkat, S. R., Mohan, P. P., & Gandhi, R. T. (2018). Colorectal liver metastasis: Overview of treatment paradigm highlighting the role of ablation. American Journal of Roentgenology, 210(4), 883–890. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.17.18574
Liu, X., Ma, R. L., Zhao, J., Song, J. L., Zhang, J. Q., & Wang, S. H. (2021). A clinical decision support system for predicting cirrhosis stages via high frequency ultrasound images. Expert Systems with Applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114680
Naghavi, M., Wang, H., Lozano, R., Davis, A., Liang, X., Zhou, M., & Temesgen, A. M. (2015). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 385(9963), 117–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2/ATTACHMENT/5238BC3B-701B-4AF5-A9A1-6779A1791F9B/MMC4.PDF
Wei, W., Haishan, X., Alpers, J., Rak, M., & Hansen, C. (2021). A deep learning approach for 2D ultrasound and 3D CT/MR image registration in liver tumor ablation. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 20, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106117
Roser, M., & Ritchie, H. (2015). Cancer. Our World data.
Xu, S. S. D., Chang, C. C., Su, C. T., & Phu, P. Q. (2019). Classification of liver diseases based on ultrasound image texture features. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020342
Qin, H., Wu, Y. Q., Lin, P., Gao, R. Z., Li, X., Wang, X. R., & Yang, H. (2021). Ultrasound image-based radiomics. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 40(6), 1229–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.15506
Douze, M., Jégou, H., Sandhawalia, H., Amsaleg, L., & Schmid, C. (2009). Evaluation of GIST descriptors for web-scale image search. In CIVR 2009—proceedings of the ACM international conference on image and video retrieval (pp. 140–147). https://doi.org/10.1145/1646396.1646421
Acharya, U. R., Raghavendra, U., Fujita, H., Hagiwara, Y., Koh, J. E., Hong, T. J., & Ng, K. H. (2016). Automated characterization of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis using curvelet transform and entropy features extracted from ultrasound images. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 79, 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPBIOMED.2016.10.022
Byra, M., Styczynski, G., Szmigielski, C., Kalinowski, P., Michałowski, Ł, Paluszkiewicz, R., & Nowicki, A. (2018). Transfer learning with deep convolutional neural network for liver steatosis assessment in ultrasound images. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 13(12), 1895–1903. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11548-018-1843-2
Kyriacou, E., Pavlopoulos, S., Konnis, G., Koutsouris, D., Zoumpoulis, P., & Theotokas, I. (1997). Computer assisted characterization of diffused liver disease using image texture analysis techniques on B-scan images. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference, 2, 1479–1483. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1997.670599
Badawi, A. M., Derbala, A. S., & Youssef, A. B. M. (1999). Fuzzy logic algorithm for quantitative tissue characterization of diffuse liver diseases from ultrasound images. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 55(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-5056(99)00010-6
Pavlopoulos, S., Kyriacou, E. K., Koutsouris, D., Blekas, K., Stafylopatis, A. G., & Zoumpoulis, P. (2000). Fuzzy neural network-based texture analysis of ultrasonic images. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 19(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1109/51.816243
Yoshida, H., Casalino, D. D., Keserci, B., Coskun, A., Ozturk, O., & Savranlar, A. (2003). Wavelet-packet-based texture analysis for differentiation between benign and malignant liver tumours in ultrasound images. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48(22), 3735–3753. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/48/22/008
Zaid, A. S. A., Fakhr, M. W., & Mohamed, A. F. A. (2006). Automatic diagnosis of liver diseases from ultrasound images. In 2006 International conference on computer engineering and systems, ICCES’06 (pp. 313–319). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCES.2006.320467
Wan, J., & Zhou, S. (2010). Features extraction based on wavelet packet transform for B-mode ultrasound liver images. In Proceedings—2010 3rd international congress on image and signal processing, CISP 2010 (Vol. 2, pp. 949–955). https://doi.org/10.1109/CISP.2010.5646917
Xian, G. M. (2010). An identification method of malignant and benign liver tumors from ultrasonography based on GLCM texture features and fuzzy SVM. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(10), 6737–6741. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2010.02.067
Virmani, J., Kumar, V., Kalra, N., & Khandelwal, N. (2012). SVM-based characterization of liver ultrasound images using wavelet packet texture descriptors. Journal of Digital Imaging, 26(3), 530–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10278-012-9537-8
Acharya, U. R., Sree, S. V., Ribeiro, R., Krishnamurthi, G., Marinho, R. T., Sanches, J., & Suri, J. S. (2012). Data mining framework for fatty liver disease classification in ultrasound: A hybrid feature extraction paradigm. Medical Physics, 39(7), 4255–4264. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4725759
Peng, Y., Lin, P., Wu, L., Wan, D., Zhao, Y., Liang, L., & Yang, H. (2020). Ultrasound-based radiomics analysis for preoperatively predicting different histopathological subtypes of primary liver cancer. Frontiers in Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01646
Constantinescu, E. C., Udriștoiu, A. L., Udriștoiu, ȘC., Iacob, A. V., Gruionu, L. G., Gruionu, G., & Săftoiu, A. (2021). Transfer learning with pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks for the automatic assessment of liver steatosis in ultrasound images. Medical Ultrasonography, 23(2), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu-2746
Huang, G. B., Zhu, Q. Y., & Siew, C. K. (2004). Extreme learning machine: A new learning scheme of feed-forward neural networks. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks—Conference Proceedings, 2, 985–990. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2004.1380068
Jiang, J., Trundle, P., & Ren, J. (2010). Medical image analysis with artificial neural networks. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : The Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society, 34(8), 617–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2010.07.003
Zhang, L., & Suganthan, P. N. (2016). A comprehensive evaluation of random vector functional link networks. Information Sciences, 367–368, 1094–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INS.2015.09.025
Zhang, P. B., & Yang, Z. X. (2020). A new learning paradigm for random vector functional-link network: RVFL+. Neural Networks, 122, 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUNET.2019.09.039
Cao, W., Yang, P., Ming, Z., Cai, S., & Zhang, J. (2020). An improved fuzziness based random vector functional link network for liver disease detection. In Proceedings—2020 IEEE 6th international conference on big data security on cloud, BigDataSecurity 2020, 2020 IEEE international conference on high performance and smart computing, HPSC 2020 and 2020 IEEE international conference on intelligent data and security, IDS 2020 (pp. 42–48). https://doi.org/10.1109/BIGDATASECURITY-HPSC-IDS49724.2020.00019
Chawla, N. V., Bowyer, K. W., Hall, L. O., & Kegelmeyer, W. P. (2002). snopes.com: Two-striped telamonia spider. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 16, 321–357.
Kumar, M., Mishra, S. K., Joseph, J., Jangir, S. K., & Goyal, D. (2021). Adaptive comprehensive particle swarm optimisation-based functional-link neural network filtre model for de-noising ultrasound images. IET Image Processing, 15(6), 1232–1246. https://doi.org/10.1049/IPR2.12100
Katuwal, R., & Suganthan, P. N. (2019). Stacked autoencoder based deep random vector functional link neural network for classification. Applied Soft Computing Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105854
Nayak, D. R., Dash, R., Majhi, B., Pachori, R. B., & Zhang, Y. (2020). A deep stacked random vector functional link network autoencoder for diagnosis of brain abnormalities and breast cancer. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 58, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSPC.2020.101860
Cao, F., Ye, H., & Wang, D. (2015). A probabilistic learning algorithm for robust modeling using neural networks with random weights. Information Sciences, 313, 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INS.2015.03.039
Cao, F., Tan, Y., & Cai, M. (2014). Sparse algorithms of random weight networks and applications. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(5), 2457–2462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2013.09.045
Patrikar, A. M. (2020). Efficient design of neural networks with random weights. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.10425v1
Huang, W., Li, N., Lin, Z., Huang, G. B., Zong, W., Zhou, J., & Duan, Y. (2013). Liver tumor detection and segmentation using kernel-based extreme learning machine. In Proceedings of the annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, EMBS (pp. 3662–3665). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610337
Kuppili, V., Biswas, M., Sreekumar, A., Suri, H. S., Saba, L., Edla, D. R., & Suri, J. S. (2017). Extreme learning machine framework for risk stratification of fatty liver disease using ultrasound tissue characterization. Journal of Medical Systems, 41(10), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10916-017-0797-1
Li, S., Jiang, H., & Pang, W. (2017). Joint multiple fully connected convolutional neural network with extreme learning machine for hepatocellular carcinoma nuclei grading. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 84, 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.03.017
Cao, F., Liu, B., & Sun Park, D. (2013). Image classification based on effective extreme learning machine. Neurocomputing, 102, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2012.02.042
Savitha, R., Suresh, S., & Sundararajan, N. (2012). Fast learning circular complex-valued extreme learning machine (CC-ELM) for real-valued classification problems. Information Sciences, 187(1), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2011.11.003
Funding
The authors have received no funding for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
It’s ethical. No experiments are done on humans.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Malkauthekar, M.D., Gulve, A.K., Deshmukh, R.R. et al. Liver Cancer Classification Using Single Pass Neural Networks Based on Ultrasound Images: A Review. Wireless Pers Commun 130, 241–268 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10283-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10283-w