Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Empowering Hindu Women by Way of Smart Marriages

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article attempts to investigate the possibility of binding marriages as a way of smart contracts, thus empowering the Hindu women in India to sustain the financial hardships till some interim order is passed by the court in case of a matrimonial dispute. This work incorporated the opinions of marriage counsellors in estimating the time a woman might have to sustain herself without any financial support. The outcome of the proposed work is an expert system based on smart contracts deployed on the public blockchain network and a Mamdani-based fuzzy inference system to take decisions in an environment of ambiguity. The opinions of family counsellors are considered in generating the required knowledge base after perceptual computing. The model thus formed is calibrated on 70 matrimonial cases available in the public domain in various family courts in India. The model is then validated on another 30 dispute records. The results were insightful and approved the accuracy of the model against three other popular models, namely support vector machines (SVM), multiple linear regression (MLR), and artificial neural networks (ANN). The motivation behind this article lies in the fact that a large number of women, after being abandoned or denied maintenance by their husbands, are forced to live a life of destitution, as the legal remedies are time-consuming and often not affordable by the vulnerable gender of Indian society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data set are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not Applicable.

References

  1. Govt. of India, “Census of India 2011 report on post enumeration survey,” 2011.

  2. Govt. of India, “The hindu marriage act, 1955 arrangement of sections preliminary Sections 1. Short title and extent. 2. Application of Act,” 1955.

  3. Govt. of India, “The protection of women from domestic violence act, 2005,” 2005.

  4. Govt. of India, “Arrangement of sections preamble,” 1872.

  5. Economic Times, “Are prenuptial agreements valid and enforceable in India? ,” https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/analysis/are-prenuptial-agreements-valid-and-enforceable-in-india/articleshow/44782040.cms, Online, Oct. 13, 2014.

  6. National Crime Records Bureau, “Crime in India 2017 Statistics Volume I National Crime Records Bureau,” 2017. Accessed: Jan. 07, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/Crime%20in%20India%202017%20-%20Volume%201_0.pdf.

  7. Times of India, “Why number of income tax payers halved in just one year,” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-number-of-income-tax-payers-halved-in-just-one-year/articleshow/74129680.cms#:~:text=As%20PM%20Narendra%20Modi%20told,(over%2020%20years)%20population., 2020.

  8. The betterindia.com, “Everything you need to know about a prenup agreement,” https://www.thebetterindia.com/131143/prenup-agreement-marriage-divorce/#:~:text=Though%20prenups%20cannot%20be%20legally,consider%20the%20direction%20of%20prenups., Feb. 15, 2018.

  9. Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Bryde, D. J., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Papadopoulos, T. (2020). Blockchain technology for enhancing swift-trust, collaboration and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting. International Journal of Production Research, 58(11), 3381–3398. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1722860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Taylor, P. J., Dargahi, T., Dehghantanha, A., Parizi, R. M., & Choo, K.-K.R. (2020). A systematic literature review of blockchain cyber security. Digital Communications and Networks, 6(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2019.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Konstantinidis, G. Siaminos, C. Timplalexis, P. Zervas, V. Peristeras, & S. Decker (2018). Blockchain for Business Applications: A Systematic Literature Review, 2018, pp. 384–399.

  12. Ølnes (2016). Beyond bitcoin enabling smart government using blockchain technology, 2016, pp. 253–264.

  13. Teufel, A. S., & Barmet, M. (2019). Blockchain energy: Blockchain in future energy systems. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, 17(4), 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Leible, S., Schlager, M. S., & Gipp, B. (2019). A review on blockchain technology and blockchain projects fostering open science. Frontiers in Blockchain. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Grech & Camilleri, A. F. (2017). Blockchain in Education, doi: https://doi.org/10.2760/60649.

  16. Yoon, J. (2019). Blockchain technology and healthcare. Healthcare informatics research, 25(2), 59–60. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2019.25.2.59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang, D. C., Schmidt, J. W., & Lenz, G. (2018). Blockchain technology use cases in healthcare. Advances in computers (pp. 1–41). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brody, (2017). How blockchain is revolutionizing supply chain management, SAP, pp. 1–8.

  19. Ivan, “Blockchain-based method for secure storage of patient records,” in Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop, 2016, no. August, pp. 1–11, [Online]. Available: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/9-16-drew_ivan_20160804_blockchain_for_healthcare_final.pdf.

  20. Guo, & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Toyoda, P. T., Mathiopoulos, I. S., & Ohtsuki, T. (2017). A novel blockchain-based product ownership management system (POMS) for anti-counterfeits in the post supply chain. IEEE Access, 5, 17465–17477. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2720760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. FICCI and PwC, “Revamping India’s health insurance sector with blockchain and smart contracts,” India, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/healthcare/revamping-indias-health-insurance-sector-with-blockchain-and-smart-contracts.pdf.

  23. Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kamble, S., Gunasekaran, A., & Arha, H. (2019). Understanding the blockchain technology adoption in supply chains-Indian context. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2009–2033. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1518610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hassini, E. (2008). Supply chain optimization: current practices and overview of emerging research opportunities. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 46(2), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.3138/infor.46.2.93

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Zadeh, A. (1965). Fuzzy sets*. Information and Control, 8, 338–353.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Motlagh, O., Tang, S. H., Ismail, N., & Ramli, A. R. (2012). An expert fuzzy cognitive map for reactive navigation of mobile robots. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 201, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2011.12.013

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Rubio, E., Castillo, O., Valdez, F., Melin, P., Gonzalez, C. I., & Martinez, G. (2017). An extension of the fuzzy possibilistic clustering algorithm using type-2 fuzzy logic techniques. Advances in Fuzzy Systems. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7094046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Kumari, M. P. Singh, & P. Kumar (2013). Survey of clustering algorithms using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor network, in 2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability, ICEETS 2013, 2013, pp. 924–928, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEETS.2013.6533511.

  30. KumarMalhotra, V., Kaur, H., & Afshar Alam, M. (2014). An analysis of fuzzy clustering methods. International Journal of Computer Applications, 94(19), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5120/16497-6578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Novák, V., & Perfilieva, I. (1999). Evaluating Linguistic Expressions and Functional Fuzzy Theories in Fuzzy Logic.

  32. Novák, V. (2017). Fuzzy logic in natural language processing, in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), 2017, pp. 1–6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.2017.8015405.

  33. Kosko, B. (1986). Fuzzy cognitive maps. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 24(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80040-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Carboni, A., Ragaini, E., & Ferrero, A. (2017). A fuzzy inference system for power systems, in 2017 IEEE 3rd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry (RTSI), Sep. 2017, pp. 1–5, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/RTSI.2017.8065942.

  35. Güngör, Z., Serhadlıoğlu, G., & Kesen, S. E. (2009). A fuzzy AHP approach to personnel selection problem. Applied Soft Computing, 9(2), 641–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2008.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dožić, S., Lutovac, T., & Kalić, M. (2018). Fuzzy AHP approach to passenger aircraft type selection. Journal of Air Transport Management, 68, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Duggal, C., Sriram, S., & Jain, K. (2018). Marriage counsellors’ reflections on the counselling process in family courts in India. Psychological Studies, 63(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-018-0460-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Asuquo, D. E., & Onuodu, F. E. (2016). A fuzzy AHP model for selection of university academic staff. International Journal of Computer Applications, 141(1), 19–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Singh, A.K., Chadah, S., & Pathania, M. (2017). Assessment of Wastage of Food and Ostentatious Behaviour During Social Gatherings (Marriages/Parties/Meetings, etc) in National Capital Region Delhi, National Capital Region, New Delhi, India, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10540.87687

  40. Economic Times, (2020). “Gold imports dip 14.23% to $28.2 billion during 2019–20 ,” https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/gold-imports-dip-14-23-to-282-billion-during-201920/articleshow/75167104.cms?from=mdr, Apr. 15

Download references

Funding

No funding is received for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Not Applicable.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Prateek Pandey.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Thea authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pandey, P. Empowering Hindu Women by Way of Smart Marriages. Wireless Pers Commun 133, 1081–1103 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10805-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10805-6

Keywords

Navigation