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Quantification of body ownership awareness induced by the visual movement illusion of the lower limbs: a study of electroencephalogram and surface electromyography

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Abstract

The visual movement illusion (VMI) is a subjective experience. This illusion is produced by watching the subject’s motion video. At the same time, VMI evokes awareness of body ownership. We applied the power spectral density (PSD) matrix and the partial directed correlation (PDC) matrix to build the PPDC matrix for the γ2 band (34–98.5 Hz), combining cerebral cortical and musculomotor cortical complexity and PPDC to quantify the degree of body ownership. Thirty-five healthy subjects were recruited to participate in this experiment. The subjects’ electroencephalography (EEG) and surface electromyography (sEMG) data were recorded under resting conditions, observation conditions, illusion conditions, and actual seated front-kick movements. The results show the following: (1) VMI activates the cerebral cortex to some extent; (2) VMI enhances cortical muscle excitability in the rectus femoris and medial vastus muscles; (3) VMI induces a sense of body ownership; (4) the use of PPDC values, fuzzy entropy values of muscles, and fuzzy entropy values of the cerebral cortex can quantify whether VMI induces awareness of body ownership. These results illustrate that PPDC can be used as a biomarker to show that VMI affects changes in the cerebral cortex and as a quantitative tool to show whether body ownership awareness arises.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 61971169, 62061044, and U20B2074), Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2021C03031), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number LQ21H180005), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (grant number GK199900299012-016).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China

    Jing Li, Junhong Wang, Ting Wang & Xugang Xi

  2. Key Laboratory of Brain Machine Collaborative Intelligence of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China

    Jing Li, Junhong Wang, Ting Wang, Wanzeng Kong & Xugang Xi

Authors
  1. Jing Li
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  2. Junhong Wang
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  3. Ting Wang
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  4. Wanzeng Kong
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Contributions

Jing Li: data curation, conceptualization, methodology, and writing original draft. Junhong Wang: software and writing. Ting Wang: supervision and experiment. Wanzeng Kong: investigation and conceptualization and formal analysis and supervision. Xugang Xi: project administration.

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Correspondence to Xugang Xi.

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Li, J., Wang, J., Wang, T. et al. Quantification of body ownership awareness induced by the visual movement illusion of the lower limbs: a study of electroencephalogram and surface electromyography. Med Biol Eng Comput 61, 951–965 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-022-02744-4

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