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Cancer detection and classification using a simplified binary state vector machine

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Abstract

Cancer is an invasive and malignant growth of cells and is known to be one of the most fatal diseases. Its early detection is essential for decreasing the mortality rate and increasing the probability of survival. This study presents an efficient machine learning approach based on the state vector machine (SVM) to diagnose and classify tumors into malignant or benign cancer using the online lymphographic data. Further, two types of neural network architectures are also implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed SVM-based approach. The optimal structures of the classifiers are obtained by varying the architecture, topology, learning rate, and kernel function and recording the results’ accuracy. The classifiers are trained with the preprocessed data examples after noise removal and tested on the unknown cases to diagnose each example as positive or negative. Further, the positive cases are classified into different stages including metastases, malign lymph, and fibrosis. The results are evaluated against the feed-forward and generalized regression neural networks. It is found that the proposed SVM-based approach significantly improves the early detection and classification accuracy in comparison to the experienced physicians and the other machine learning approaches. The proposed approach is robust and can perform sub-class divisions for multipurpose tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that the two-class SVM gives the best results and can effectively be used for the classification of cancer. It has outperformed all other classifiers with an average accuracy of 94.90%.

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Data availability

The used dataset is publicly available on the UCI Machine Learning Repository. https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets.php?format= &task=cla &att= &area=life &numAtt= &numIns= &type=mvar &sort=taskUp &view=list

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Imran Shafi & Sana Ansari

  2. Department of Information & Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea

    Sadia Din & Imran Ashraf

Authors
  1. Imran Shafi
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  2. Sana Ansari
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  3. Sadia Din
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  4. Imran Ashraf
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Correspondence to Sadia Din or Imran Ashraf.

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Shafi, I., Ansari, S., Din, S. et al. Cancer detection and classification using a simplified binary state vector machine. Med Biol Eng Comput 62, 1491–1501 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-023-03012-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-023-03012-9

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