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Novel 3D-PCHCS design and application on ophthalmic medical image copyright protection with FPGA implementation

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Abstract

In the digital age, medical images have become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of certain diseases and health prevention. In the face of increasing computing power and diverse means of attack, as well as the need for real-time processing of medical images, traditional encryption and watermarking techniques may no longer be sufficient to effectively protect the integrity and copyright of these sensitive images. Based on this practical requirement, this study proposes a novel digital watermarking algorithm for copyright authentication of ophthalmic medical images using a chaotic system. This algorithm integrates a novel three-dimensional pupal equilibrium curved hyperchaotic system (PCHCS) to enhance the encryption effect of the AES algorithm. Clever embedding of watermarks in the edge regions of the ROI using Least Significant Bit (LSB) technology ensures minimal impact on diagnostic quality. RONI uses DCT transform for processing to enhance copyright authentication. The chaotic system and watermarking algorithm have been implemented on FPGA to further demonstrate their feasibility. The PSNR of the proposed system can reach more than 55 dB and the SSIM value is close to 1. The values of NC and BER also perform well under various attacks. Experimental results show that the designed watermarking algorithm has good invisibility and robustness.

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Data Availability

The dataset is fully open access and can be downloaded at the following website: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/soumicksarker/openeds-dataset No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos: 61702356), and Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (Nos: 202303021221014, 20210302124050 and 202203021221074).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Software, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China

    Shi-yi Li, Jing-yu Sun & Peng-fei Yan

  2. College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China

    Guang-yi Wu & Hao Zhang

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Contributions

LS-y, SJ-y and ZH wrote the main manuscript text and WG-y and YP-f prepared Figs. 1–12. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hao Zhang.

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Li, Sy., Wu, Gy., Sun, Jy. et al. Novel 3D-PCHCS design and application on ophthalmic medical image copyright protection with FPGA implementation. J Real-Time Image Proc 22, 33 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-024-01609-3

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