Abstract
In this contribution, we present an all-optical quantitative framework for bioluminescence tomography with non-contact measurement. The framework is comprised of four indispensable steps: extraction of the geometrical structures of the subject, light flux reconstruction on arbitrary surface, calibration and quantification of the surface light flux and internal bioluminescence reconstruction. In particular, the geometrical structures are retrieved using a completely optical method and captured under identical viewing conditions with the bioluminescent images. As a result, the proposed framework avoids the utilization of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging to provide the geometrical structures. On the basis of experimental measurements, we evaluate the performance of the proposed all-optical quantitative framework using a mouse shaped phantom. Preliminary result reveals the potential and feasibility of the proposed framework for bioluminescence tomography.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, L. V. Wang, R. Weissleder. Looking and listening to light: The evolution of whole body photonic imaging. Nature Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 313–320, 2005.
H. Li, R. W. Dai. Development of in vivo optical imaging. Acta Automatica Sinica, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1449–1457, 2008. (in Chinese)
C. H. Contag, M. H. Bachmann. Advances in in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene express. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 235–260, 2002.
T. C. Doyle, S. M. Burns, C. H. Contag. In vivo bioluminescence imaging for integrated studies of infection. Cell Microbiol, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 303–317, 2004.
R. S. Negrin, C. H. Contag. In vivo imaging using bioluminescence: A tool for probing graft-versus-host disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 484–490, 2006.
S. Gross, S. T. Gammon, B. L. Moss, D. Rauch, J. Harding, J. W. Heinecke, L. Ratner, D. Piwnica-Worms. Bioluminescence imaging of myeloperoxidase activity in vivo. Nature Medicine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 455–461, 2009.
C. Zhang, Z. Yan, M. E. Arango, C. L. Painter, K. Anderes. Advancing bioluminescence imaging technology for the evaluation of anticancer agents in the MDA-MB-435-HAL-Luc mammary fat pad and subrenal capsule tumor models. Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 238–246, 2009.
C. T. Chan, R. Paulmurugan, R. E. Reeves, D. Solow- Cordero, S. S. Gambhir. Molecular imaging of phosphorylation events for drug development. Molecular Imaging and Biology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 144–158, 2009.
E. A. Naumann, A. R. Kampff, D. A. Prober, A. F. Schier, F. Engert. Monitoring neural activity with bioluminescence during natural behavior. Nature Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 513–520, 2010.
G. Wang, E. A. Hoffman, G. McLennan, L. V. Wang, M. Suter, J. Meinel. Development of the first bioluminescent CT scanner. In Proceedings of the 89th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, pp. 566, 2003.
G. Wang, X. Qian, W. Cong, H. Shen, Y. Li, W. Han, K. Durairaj, M. Jiang, T. Zhou, J. Cheng, J. Tian, H. Li, J. Luo. Recent development in bioluminescence tomography. Current Medical Imaging Reviews, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 453–457, 2006.
J. Tian, J. Bai, X. P. Yan, S. L. Bao, Y. H. Li, W. Liang, X. Yang. Multimodality molecular imaging. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 48–57, 2008.
G. Wang, Y. Li, M. Jiang. Uniqueness theorems in bioluminescence tomography. Medical Physics, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 2289–2299, 2004.
W. X. Cong, G. Wang, D. Kumar, Y. Liu, M. Jiang, L. H. Wang, E. A. Hoffman, G. McLennan, P. B. McCray, J. Zabner, A. Cong. Practical reconstruction method for bioluminescence tomography. Optics Express, vol. 13, no. 18 pp. 6756–6771, 2005.
Y. J. Lv, J. Tian, W. Cong, G. Wang, J. Luo, W. Yang, H. Li. A multilevel adaptive finite element algorithm for bioluminescence tomography. Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 18, pp. 8211–8223, 2006.
Y. J. Lv, J. Tian, W. Cong, G. Wang, W. Yang, C. Qin, M. Xu. Spectrally resolved bioluminescence tomography with adaptive finite element analysis: Methodology and simulation. Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 52, no. 15, pp. 4494–4512, 2007.
H. Dehghani, S. C. Davis, B. W. Pogue. Spectrally resolved bioluminescence tomography using the reciprocity approach. Medical Physics, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 4863–4871, 2008.
R. Han, J. Liang, X. Qu, Y. Hou, N. Ren, J. Mao, J. Tian. A source reconstruction algorithm based on adaptive hp-FEM for bioluminescence tomography. Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 14481–14494, 2009.
H. Gao, H. K. Zhao. Multilevel bioluminescence tomography based on radiative transfer equation part 1: l1 regularization. Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1854–1871, 2010.
H. Gao, H. K. Zhao. Multilevel bioluminescence tomography based on radiative transfer equation part 2: Total variation and l1 data fidelity. Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 2894–2912, 2010.
H. Y. Huang, X. C. Qu, J. M. Liang, X. W. He, X. L. Chen, D. A. Yang, J. Tian. A multi-phase level set framework for source reconstruction in bioluminescence tomography. Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 229, no. 13, pp. 5246–5256, 2010.
G. Wang, W. Cong, K. Durairaj, X. Qian, H. Shen, P. Sinn, E. Hoffman, G. McLennan, M. Henry. In vivo mouse studies with bioluminescence tomography. Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 17, pp. 7801–7809, 2006.
A. D. Klose, B. J. Beattie, H. Dehghani, L. Vider, C. Le, V. Ponomarev, R. Blasberg. In vivo bioluminescence tomography with a blocking-off finite-difference SP3 method and MRI/CT coregistration. Medical Physics, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 329–338, 2010.
J. T. Liu, Y. Wang, X. Qu, X. Li, X. Ma, R. Han, Z. Hu, X. Chen, D. Sun, R. Zhang, D. Chen, D. Chen, X. Chen, J. Liang, F. Cao, J. Tian. In vivo quantitative bioluminescence tomography using heterogeneous and homogeneous mouse models. Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 13102–13113, 2010.
R. Weissleder, M. J. Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature, vol. 452, no. 7187, pp. 580–589, 2008.
B. J. Beattie, A. D. Klose, C. H. Lee, V. A. Longo, K. Dobrenkov, J. Vider, J. A. Koutcher, R. G. Blasberg. Registration of planar bioluminescence to magnetic resonance and x-ray computed tomography images as a platform for the development of bioluminescence tomography reconstruction algorithms. Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 024045, 2009.
H. Meyer, A. Garofalakis, G. Zacharakis, S. Psycharakis, C. Mamalaki, D. Kioussis, E. N. Economou, V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll. Noncontact optical imaging in mice with full angular coverage and automatic surface extraction. Applied Optics, vol. 46, no. 17, pp. 3617–3627, 2007.
T. Lasser, A. Soubret, J. Ripoll, V. Ntziachristos. Surface reconstruction for free-space 360circ fluorescence molecular tomography and the effects of animal motion. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 188–194, 2008.
X. Chen, X. Gao, D. Chen, X. Ma, X. Zhao, M. Shen, X. Li, X. Qu, J. Liang, J. Ripoll, J. Tian. 3D reconstruction of light flux distribution on arbitrary surfaces from 2D multi-photographic images. Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 19, pp. 19876–19893, 2010.
D. L. Qin, H. Zhao, Y. Tanikawa, F. Gao. Experimental determination of optical properties in turbid medium by TCSPC technique. In Proceedings of SPIE, SPIE, San Jose, USA, vol. 6434, pp. 64342E, 2007.
R. B. Schulz, J. Ripoll, V. Ntziachristos. Experimental fluorescence tomography of tissues with noncontact measurements. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 492–500, 2004.
X. Chen, X. Gao, X. Qu, J. Liang, L. Wang, D. Yang, A. Garofalakis, J. Ripoll, J. Tian. A study of photon propagation in free-space based on hybrid radiosity-radiance theorem. Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 16266–16280, 2009.
X. Chen, X. Gao, X. Qu, D. Chen, X. Ma, J. Liang, J. Tian. Generalized free-space diffuse photon transport model based on the influence analysis of a camera lens diaphragm. Applied Optics, vol. 49, no. 29, pp. 5654–5664, 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2011CB707702), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81090272, No. 81000632, and No. 30900334), Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation Research Project (No. 2009JQ8018), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Xue-Li Chen graduated from Xidian University, PRC in 2007. He received the B. Eng. degree in biomedical engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an, PRC in 2007. In 2007, he started the successive postgraduate and doctoral programs of study in pattern recognition and intelligent system, at the School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University.
His research interests include optical imaging, photon transport in biological tissues, and in free-space.
Heng Zhao graduated from Xi’an Jiaotong University, PRC in 1996. He received the B. Sc. degree in automatic control from Xi’an Jiaotong University in 1996, and the Ph.D. degree in circuit and system from Xidian University in 2005. Currently, he is an associate professor in the School of Life Sciences and Technology at Xidian University.
His research interests include biomedical image processing and biometric recognition.
Xiao-Chao Qu graduated from Xidian University, PRC in 2003. She received the B. Eng. degree in biomedical engineering in 2003 from Xidian University, Ph.D. degree in Biomedical engineering in 2008 from Xi’an Jiaotong University. Currently, she is an associate professor in the School of Life Sciences and Technology at Xidian University.
Her research interests include multimodality molecular imaging and biomedical photonics.
Duo-Fang Chen graduated from Xidian University, PRC in 2004. She received the B. Sc. and Ph.D. in applied physics and signal and information processing from Xidian University, in 2004 and 2009, respectively. Since 2009, she has been a lecturer in Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University.
Her research interests include signal processing and molecular imaging.
Xiao-Rui Wang graduated from Sichuan University, PRC in 1998. He received the B. Eng. degree in optoelectronic technology, from Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC in 1998. In 2005, he received the Ph.D degree in optical engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an China. Currently, he is a professor in the School of Technical Physics at Xidian University. In 2007, he was a visiting scholar at 3D Visualization and Imaging System Laboratory, University of Arizona. He is a member of Optical Society of America.
His research interests include three-dimensional optical imaging and visualization, optoelectronic imaging and detection technology, and development of optical imaging system.
Ji-Min Liang received the B.Eng. degree in automatic control in 1992, M.Eng. degree in signal and information processing in 1995, and Ph.D. in circuits and systems in 1999, all from Xidian University. He became an associate professor and then professor in 2000 and 2005, respectively. In 2002, he was a research associate professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA. He joined the School of Life Sciences and Technology in 2009. He is a member of IEEE.
His research interests include multimodality molecular imaging, biomedical image processing, biometric recognition, and biometric encryption.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, XL., Zhao, H., Qu, XC. et al. All-optical quantitative framework for bioluminescence tomography with non-contact measurement. Int. J. Autom. Comput. 9, 72–80 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-012-0618-4
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-012-0618-4