Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Application of fractional order PID controller for AGC under deregulated environment

  • Research Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Automation and Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller for multiarea automatic generation control (AGC) scheme has been designed. FOPID controller has five parameters and provides two additional degrees of flexibility in comparison to a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The optimal values of parameters of FOPID controller have been determined using Big Bang Big Crunch (BBBC) search algorithm. The designed controller regulates real power output of generators to achieve the best dynamic response of frequency and tie-line power on a load perturbation. The complete scheme for designing of the controllers has been developed and demonstrated on multiarea deregulated power system. The performance of the designed FOPID controllers has been compared with the optimally tuned PID controllers. It is observed from the results that the FOPID controller shows a considerable improvement in the performance as compared to the conventional PID controller.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. J. Kumar, K. H. Ng, G. Sheble. AGC simulator for pricebased operation. I. A model. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 527–532, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Kumar, K. H. Ng, G. Sheble. AGC simulator for pricebased operation. II. Case study results. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 533–538, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. R. D. Christie, A. Bose. Load frequency control issues in power system operations after deregulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1191–1200, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Rajarathinam, J. B. Gomm, D. L. Yu, A. S. Abdelhadi. PID controller tuning for a multivariable glass furnace process by genetic algorithm. International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 64–72, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Nanda, S. Mishra, L. C. Saikia. Maiden application of bacterial foraging-based optimization technique in multiarea automatic generation control. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 602–609, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Gozde, M. C. Taplamacioglu. Automatic generation control application with craziness based particle swarm optimization in a thermal power system. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Gozde, M. C. Taplamacio, I. Kocaarslan. Comparative performance analysis of artificial bee colony algorithm in automatic generation control for interconnected reheat thermal power system. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 167–178, 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. S. K. Pandey, S. R. Mohanty, N. Kishor. A literature survey on load-frequency control for conventional and distribution generation power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 25, pp. 318–334, 2013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Shayeghi, H. A. Shayanfar, A. Jalili. Load frequency control strategies: A state-of-the-art survey for the researcher. Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 344–353, 2009.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. H. Wei, Z. Y. Sun, Y. S. Hu, Y. Wang. On fractional order adaptive observer. International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 664–670, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Swati, V. H. Yogesh. Fractional order PID controller for load frequency control. Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 85, pp. 343–353, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S. E. Hamamci. An algorithm for stabilization of fractionalorder time delay systems using fractional-order PID controllers. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 1964–1969, 2007.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Zamani, M. Karimi-Ghartemani, N. Sadati, M. Parniani. Design of a fractional order PID controller for an AVR using particle swarm optimization. Control Engineering Practice, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1380–1387, 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Debbarma, L. C. Saikia. Bacterial foraging based FOPID controller in AGC of an interconnected two-area reheat thermal system under deregulated environment. In Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management, IEEE, Nagapattinam, India, pp. 303–308, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Debbarma, L. C. Saikia, N. Sinha. Automatic generation control using two degree of freedom fractional order PID controller. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 58, pp. 120–129, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. I. Pan, S. Das. Fractional-order load-frequency control of interconnected power systems using chaotic multi-objective optimization. Applied Soft Computing, vol. 29, pp. 328–344, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. I. Alomoush. Load frequency control and automatic generation control using fractional-order controllers. Electrical Engineering, vol. 91, no. 7, pp. 357–368, 2010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Farook, P. S. Raju. Decentralized fractional order PID controller for AGC in a multi area deregulated power system. International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 317–332, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  19. C. Ismayil, S. R. Kumar, T. K. Sindhu. Optimal fractional order PID controller for automatic generation control of two-area power systems. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3329–3348, 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. O. K. Erol, I. Eksin. A new optimization method: Big Bang-Big Crunch. Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 106–111, 2006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Y. Engin, U. Leon. Big Bang-Big Crunch learning method for fuzzy cognitive maps. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 47, pp. 729–738, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  22. E. Yesil. Interval type-2 fuzzy PID load frequency controller using Big Bang-Big Crunch optimization. Applied Soft Computing, vol. 15, pp. 100–112, 2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Chourey, Y. Manekar, A. Kashiv. Optimization of AGC PID controller with reheat in two area system using BBBC. In Proceedings of the 9th IRF International Conference, Pune, India, pp. 8–13, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  24. C. Jain, H. K. Verma, L. D. Arya. Big Bang-Big Crunch based optimized controller for automatic generation control and automatic voltage regulator system. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 12–19, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. Donde, M. A. Pai, I. A. Hiskens. Simulation and optimization in an AGC system after deregulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 481–489, 2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Tyagi, S. C. Srivastava. A LQG based load frequency controller in a competitive electricity environment. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol.2, no. 2, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  27. O. I. Elgerd. Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction, New York, USA: McGraw Hill, pp. 299–362, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  28. K. S. Miller, B. Ross. An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations, New York, USA: Wiley, pp. 44–80, 1993.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. I. Podlubny. Fractional Differential Equations, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, pp. 41–120, 1999.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Das. Functional Fractional Calculus, 2nd ed., Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, pp. 1–50, 2011.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Oustaloup, B. Mathieu, P. Lanusse. The CRONE control of resonant plants: Application to a flexible transmission. European Journal of Control, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 113–121, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. I. Podlubny. Fractional-order systems and PIλDμ controllers. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 208–214, 1999.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, India

    Nagendra Kumar, Barjeev Tyagi & Vishal Kumar

Authors
  1. Nagendra Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barjeev Tyagi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vishal Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nagendra Kumar.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Xun Xu

Nagendra Kumar received the M.Tech. degree in signal processing and control engineering from the National Institute of Technology (NIT), India in 2010. Currently, he is Ph.D. degree candidate at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, India.

His research interest includes power system optimization, deregulation, power system generation and control.

Barjeev Tyagi received the B.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from University of Roorkee, India in 1987, and the Ph.D. degree from IIT Kanpur, India in 2006. Presently, he is a faculty member in Electrical Engineering Department at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

His research interests include control system, power system deregulation, power system optimization and control.

Vishal Kumar received the Ph.D. degree in power system engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IITR), India in 2007. Currently he is faculty member in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India.

His research interests include power distribution system, operation and control, digital design and verification.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, N., Tyagi, B. & Kumar, V. Application of fractional order PID controller for AGC under deregulated environment. Int. J. Autom. Comput. 15, 84–93 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-016-1036-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-016-1036-9

Keywords