Abstract
Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (STAR-RIS) represent a cutting-edge technology in wireless communications, allowing surfaces to both transmit and reflect signals simultaneously. This dual functionality provides greater flexibility and efficiency in signal propagation and spectrum management. Integrating energy harvesting from vibrations into STAR-RIS creates an innovative and sustainable solution for powering these systems, enabling autonomous operation in environments where conventional power sources are unavailable. By converting ambient mechanical energy into electrical power, vibration-based energy harvesting supports the continuous operation of STAR-RIS without reliance on external energy sources. This advancement has significant implications for the deployment of future wireless networks, including smart cities, the Internet of Things, and remote sensing applications, offering a pathway to greener and more efficient communication infrastructure.
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Acknowledgements
This Research is funded by Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSPD2024R553), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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A fund from KSU has been received.
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This is the contribution of Prof. Hatem Boujemaa, Prof. Musaed Alhussein and Prof. Ghaya Rekaya.
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Appendix A
Appendix A
The variable \(\mathcal {Y}=\alpha \times \mathcal {F}\) where \(\mathcal {F}\) is the frequency of mechanical vibrations has a Gaussian distribution written as
The Mellin Tranform (MT) of \(\mathcal {Y}\) is computed as
We deduce
Let \(y=\frac{x^2}{2\alpha ^2\sigma _{\mathcal {F}}^2}\), we deduce
where \(\varGamma (.)\) is the Gamma function.
The variable \(\mathcal {X}=\mathcal {D}^2\) where \(\mathcal {D}\) is the mechanical deformation has a non-central zeta-square distribution with one degree of freedom and PDF given by
where \(I_m(x)\) is the modified Bessel function of the first kind and k-th order.
The Mellin transform of PDF of \(\mathcal {X}\) is equal to
We have
We deduce
The transmitted energy per symbol \(E_s=\mathcal {X}\mathcal {Y}\). As \(\mathcal {X}\) and \(\mathcal {Y}\) are independent, we have
The PDF of \(E_s\) is computed using the inverse MT
Therefore, we have
We deduce the expression of the PDF of \(E_s\)
where \(H_{m,n}^{p,q}()\) is the Fox H function [29].
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Boujemaa, H., Alhussein, M. & Rekaya, G. Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with energy harvesting from vibrations. SIViP 19, 84 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-024-03643-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-024-03643-x