Summary
We assume that insufficient testosteron in males leads to a reduced number of surviving offspring, and follow Klotz that testosteron diminishes the survival probability of males compared to females. Then simulation of the Penna model of biological ageing shows self-organization of an intermediate level of testosteron, with realistic differences between male and female mortality.
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References
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Stauffer, D. Self-organisation of testosteron level in Penna-Klotz ageing model. Theory Biosci. 120, 87–91 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-001-0009-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-001-0009-9