Abstract
Recent advances in Delay Tolerant Networks find its way into the Internet of Things leading to a new framework known as DTN-IoT. Delay Tolerant Network models can be effectively implemented within the Internet of Things framework to overcome intermittent connectivity problems. This could be made possible by deploying a few strategic nodes called throwboxes, which act as intermediate relay nodes and increase communication opportunities among the nodes. Each throwbox is assumed to have a pre-specified transmission range. Increase in the connection opportunities in a throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment depends mainly on the optimal deployment of throwboxes. The objective of this paper is to identify optimal deployment locations for placement of throwboxes in a throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment by (1) maximizing the coverage of all the throwboxes (2) minimizing the average delay and (3) maximizing the delivery ratio among all the nodes. We use an efficient Multi-Objective Differential Evolution and a popular Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II for finding the optimal deployment location of throwboxes. The simulation results are compared to find a preferable strategy in throwbox deployment and enhance the performance of throwbox assisted DTN-IoT environment.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12065-020-00474-w/MediaObjects/12065_2020_474_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12065-020-00474-w/MediaObjects/12065_2020_474_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12065-020-00474-w/MediaObjects/12065_2020_474_Fig3_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
John AS (2014) Research Directions for the Internet of Things. IEEE Inter Things J 1(1)
Fall K (2003) A delay–tolerant network architecture for challenged internets. Proc ACM SIGCOMM 03:27–34
Mao Y, Zhou C, Ling Y, Lloret J (2019) An optimized probabilistic delay tolerant network (DTN) routing protocol based on scheduling mechanism for internet of things (IoT). Sensors 19:243
Vahdat A, Becker D (2000) Epidemic routing for partially-connected ad hoc networks. Duke University Technical Report CS-20000.
Spyropoulos T, Psounis K, Raghavendra CS (2005) Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on delay-tolerant networking (WDTN’05), pp 252–259
Spyropoulos T, Psounis K, Raghavendra CS (2007) Spray and focus: efficient mobility-assisted routing for heterogeneous and correlated mobility. In: Fifth annual IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshop, pp 79–85
Poongodi C, Natarajan AM, Suganthee RC (2010) Cluster head bundle delivery protocol for delay tolerant networks. Proc CiiT Int J Wirel Commun. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2010.06.081216
Zhao W, Ammar M, Zegura E (2004) A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of ACM MobiHoc, (New York, NY, USA). ACM Press, pp 187–198
Zhao W, Ammar M, Zegura E (2005) Controlling the mobility of multiple data transport ferries in a delay-tolerant network. Proc IEEE INFOCOM 2:1407–1418
Ibrahim M, Hanbali A, Nain P (2007) Delay and resource analysis in MANETs in presence of throwboxes. Perform Eval 64(9):933–947
Lloyd EL, Xue G (2007) Relay node placement in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Comput 56(1):134–138
Gu B, Hong X (2011) Capacity-aware routing using throw-boxes. In: Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM, pp 1–5
Zhiyuan L, Song Y, Han C, Particle swarm optimization-based throwbox deployment scheme for mobile delay tolerant networks. IEEE international conference on internet of things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2017.29
Gu B, Hong X (2010) Latency analysis for thrown box based message dissemination. In: Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM, pp 1–5
Shah RC, Roy S, Jain S, Brunette W (2003) Data mules: modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks. In: Proceedings of sensor network protocols and applications, pp 30–41
Chen CM, Hsiao PH, Kung HT, Vlah D (2007) Maximizing throughput of UAV-relaying networks with the load-carry-and-deliver paradigm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC)
Bin Tariq MM, Ammar M, Zegura E (2006) Message ferry route design for sparse ad hoc networks with mobile nodes. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MobiHoc '06), Florence, Italy, pp 37–48
Xian Y, Huang CT, Cobb J (2010) Look-ahead routing and message scheduling in delay-tolerant networks. In: Proceedings of the 35th IEEE conference on local computer networks, Denver, Colorado
Maurice JK, Wissam FF, Chadi MA (2011) Probabilistic bundle relaying schemes in two-hop vehicular delay tolerant networks. IEEE Commun Lett 15(3):281–283
Zhao W, Chen Y, Ammar M, Corner M, Levine B, Zegura E (2006) Capacity enhancement using throwboxes in DTNs. In: Proceedings of IEEE MASS
Li F, Yin Z, Cheng Y, Wang Y (2016) Optimization problems in throwbox-assisted delay tolerant networks: which throwboxes to activate? How many active ones i need? IEEE Trans Comput 65(5):1663–1670
Banerjee N, Corner MD, Levine BN (2007) An energy-efficient architecture for DTN throwboxes. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2007—26th IEEE international conference on computer communications, pp 776–784
Gu B, Hong X (2010) Latency analysis for thrown box based message dissemination. In: Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM, pp 1–5
Ibrahim M, Nain P, Carreras I (2009) Analysis of relay protocols for throwbox-equipped DTNs. In: Proceedings of WiOPT, pp 1–9
De Zoysa K, Keppitiyagama C, Seneviratne GP, Shihan WWAT (2007) A public transport system based sensor network for road surface condition monitoring. In: Brewer E, Saif U (eds) Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on networked systems for developing regions (NSDR ’07), vol 9, no 1–9. ACM, Kyoto, Japan, p 6
Eisenman SB, Emiliano M, Nicholas LD, Ronald PA, Gahng-Seop A, Andrew CT (2009) BikeNet. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 6(1):1–39
Abualigaha LM, Khader AT, Hanandeh ES (2017) A new feature selection method to improve the document clustering using particle swarm optimization algorithm. J Comput Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.07.018
Abualigah LM, Khader AT (2017) Unsupervised text feature selection technique based on hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm with genetic operators for the text clustering. J Supercomput 73:4773–4795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-017-2046-2
Javvaji G, Udgata SK (2020) Soft computing approach for multi-objective task allocation problem in wireless sensor network. Evol Intel. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00412-w
Chai Z, Liang S (2020) A node-priority based large-scale overlapping community detection using evolutionary multi-objective optimization. Evol Intel 13:59–68
Nguyen AD, Senac P, Ramiro V, Diaz M (2011) STEPS—an approach for human mobility modeling. In: Proceedings of the 10th international IFIP TC 6 conference on networking, May 09–13
Deb K (2001) Multiobjective optimization using evolutionary algorithms. Wiley, Chichester
Hojjati A et al (2018) Application and comparison of NSGA-II and MOPSO in multi-objective optimization of water resources systems. J Hydrol Hydromech 66(3):323–329
Basu M (2008) Dynamic economic emission dispatch using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 30:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2007.06.009
Poongodi C, Lalitha K, Jeevanantham A, Anand DV (2019) Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II for throwbox deployment in delay tolerant networks. Int J Recent Technol Eng (IJRTE) 8(4):7475–7479
Storn R, Price K (1997) Differential evolution—a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. J Glob Optim 11:341–359
Adeyemo JA, Otieno FAO (2009) Multi-objective differential evolution algorithm for solving engineering problems. J Appl Sci 9(20):3652–3661
Liang J, Weiwei Xu, Yue C, Kunjie Yu, Song H, Crisalle OD, Boyang Qu (2019) Multimodal multiobjective optimization with differential evolution. Swarm Evol Comput 44:1028–1059
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chinnasamy, P., Udgata, S.K., K, L. et al. Multi-objective based deployment of throwboxes in Delay Tolerant Networks for the Internet of Things environment. Evol. Intel. 14, 895–907 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00474-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-020-00474-w