Abstract
This paper proposes a non-invasive approach to detect driver drowsiness. The facial features are used for detecting the driver’s drowsiness. The mouth and eye regions are extracted from the video frame. These extracted regions are applied on hybrid deep learning model for drowsiness detection. A hybrid deep learning model is proposed by incorporating both modified InceptionV3 and long short-term memory (LSTM) network. InceptionV3 is modified by adding global average pooling layer for spatial robustness and dropout technique to prevent overfitting on training data. The proposed hybrid model is compared with convolutional neural network, IncpetionV3, and LSTM over NTHU-DDD dataset. The proposed model performs better than the other model in terms of performance measures. The proposed model is able to detect driver fatigue effectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
World Health Organization (2015) ; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015
Distracted Driving-Motor Vehicle Safety-CDC Injury Center. https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracteddriving/
Johnson T(2018) 2017 Traffic Safety Culture Index. https://aaafoundation.org/2017-traffic-safety-culture-index/
Ed-doughmi Y, Idrissi N(2019) Driver Fatigue Detection using Recurrent Neural Networks. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Networking, Information Systems & Security, Rabat, Morocco, NY, USA, pp. 44
Chirra VRR, Uyyala SR, Kolli VKK (2019) Deep CNN: A machine learning approach for driver drowsiness detection based on eye state. Reve d’Intelligence Artificielle 33(6):461–466
Summala H (2007) Towards understanding motivational and emotional factors in driver behaviour: Comfort through satisficing. Modelling Driver Behaviour in Automotive Environments. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp 189–207
Igasaki T, Nagasawa K, Murayama N, Hu Z(2015) Drowsiness estimation under driving environment by heart rate variability and/or breathing rate variability with logistic regression analysis. In: International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), pp. 189–193
Ramzan M, Khan HU, Awan SM, Ismail A, Ilyas M, Mahmood A (2019) A Survey on State-of-the-Art Drowsiness Detection Techniques. IEEE Access
Borghini G, Astolfi L, Vecchiato G, Mattia D, Babiloni F (2014) Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44:58–75
Kulathumani A, Soua R, Karray F, Kamel MS (2017) Recent trends in driver safety monitoring systems: state of the art and challenges. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 66(6):4550–4563
LeCun Y, Bengio Y(1995) Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time series. The handbook of brain theory and neural networks, 3361
Lawrence S, Giles CL, Tsoi AC, Back AD (1997) Face recognition: A convolutional neural-network approach. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 8(1):98–113
Majdi MS, Ram S, Gill JT, Rodr ́ıguez JJ(2018) Drive-net: Convolutional network for driver distraction detection. In: IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, pp. 1–4
Sajjanhar A, Wu Z, Wen Q(2018) Deep learning models for facial expression recognition. In: Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, pp. 1–6
Szegedy C, Vanhoucke V, Ioffe S, Shlens J, Wojna Z(2016) Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 2818–2826
Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J (1997) Long short-term memory. 9:1735–1780Neural computation8
Rengasamy D, Morvan HP, Figueredo GP(2018) Deep learning approaches to aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul: a review. In: International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 150–156
Omidyeganeh M, Javadtalab A, Shirmohammadi S(2011) Intelligent driver drowsiness detection through fusion of yawning and eye closure. IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems Proceedings, pp. 1–6
Li G, Lee B, Chung W (2015) Smartwatch-Based Wearable EEG System for Driver Drowsiness Detection. IEEE Sens J 15(12):7169–7180
You F, Li Y-H, Huang L, Chen K, Zhang R-H, Xu J-M (2017) Monitoring drivers’ sleepy status at night based on machine vision. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76(13):14869–14886
Massoz Q, Langohr T, François C, Verly JG(2016) The ULg multimodality drowsiness database (called DROZY) and examples of use. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), pp. 1–7
Zhang Y, Hua C (2015) Driver fatigue recognition based on facial expression analysis using local binary patterns. Optik 126(23):4501–4505
Jabbar R, Al-Khalifa K, Kharbeche M, Alhajyaseen W, Jafari M, Jiang S (2018) Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection for Android Application Using Deep Neural Networks Techniques. Procedia Comput Sci 130:400–407
Shi W, Li J, Yang Y (2020) Face fatigue detection method based on MTCNN and machine vision. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Huainan, China, pp 233–240
Zhao Z, Zhou N, Zhang L, Yan H, Xu Y, Zhang Z (2020) Driver Fatigue Detection Based on Convolutional Neural Networks Using EM-CNN, 7251280 edn. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Gwak J, Hirao A, Shino M (2020) An investigation of early detection of driver drowsiness using ensemble machine learning based on hybrid sensing. Appl Sci 10(8):2890
Kepesiova Z, Ciganek J, Kozak S(2020) Driver drowsiness detection using convolutional neural networks. In: 2020 Cybernetics & Informatics (K&I)
Sathasivam S, Mahamad AK, Saon S, Sidek A, Som MM, Ameen HA(2020) Drowsiness detection system using eye aspect ratio technique. In 2020 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD)
Savas BK, Becerikli Y (2020) Real time driver fatigue detection system based on multi-task ConNN. IEEE Access 8:12491–12498
Chen W, Huang H, Peng S et al (2021) YOLO-face: a real-time face detector. Visual Computers 37:805–813
Sinha A, Aneesh RP, Gopal SK(2021) Drowsiness Detection System Using Deep Learning. International conference on Bio Signals, Images, and Instrumentation, Chennai, India
Rajkar A, Kulkarni N, Raut A (2022) Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Deep Learning. In: Iyer B, Ghosh D, Balas VE (eds) Applied Information Processing Systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1354. Springer, Singapore
Ed-Doughmi Y, Idrissi N, Hbali Y (2020) Real-Time System for Driver Fatigue Detection Based on a Recurrent Neuronal Network. J Imaging 6(3):8
Faraji F, Lotfi F, Khorramdel J, Najafi A, Ghaffari A(2021) Drowsiness Detection Based On Driver Temporal Behavior Using a New Developed Dataset. ArXiv:2104.00125
Mase JM, Chapman P, Figueredo GP, Torres MT(2020) A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Driver Distraction Detection. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence, Jeju, Korea (South)
Computer Vision Lab, National Tsuing Hua University. Driver Drowsiness Detection Dataset (2016) Available online: http://cv.cs.nthu.edu.tw/php/callforpaper/datasets/DDD/
Park S, Pan F, Kang S, Yoo CD(2016) Driver drowsiness detection system based on feature representation learning using various deep networks. In: Proceedings of the Computer Vision – ACCV 2016 Workshops, vol. 10118, pp.154–164
Yarlagadda V, Koolagudi SG, Kumar M, Donepudi S(2020) Driver drowsiness detection using facial parameters and RNNs with LSTM. In: India Council International Conference (INDICON), New Delhi
Rohila VS, Kumar V, Barnwal KK (2021) Distracted Driver Detection System Using Deep Learning Technique. Handbook of Research on Machine Learning Techniques for Pattern Recognition and Information Security
Kumar PJ (2018) Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Based Immersive VR System for Cognitive Computer Gaming. Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp 91–102
Mbouna RO, Kong SG, Chun MG (2013) Visual analysis of eye state and head pose for driver alertness monitoring. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 14:1462–1469
Omidyeganeh M, Shirmohammadi S, Abtahi S, Khurshid A, Farhan M, Scharcanski J, Hariri B, Laroche D, Martel L (2016) Yawning detection using embedded smart cameras. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 65:570–582
Weng CH, Lai YH, Lai SH(2016) Driver Drowsiness Detection via a Hierarchical Temporal Deep Belief Network. In Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 117–133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, V., Sharma, S. & Ranjeet Driver drowsiness detection using modified deep learning architecture. Evol. Intel. 16, 1907–1916 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-022-00743-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-022-00743-w