Abstract
While improvement can be done in every component of the Internet of Things (IoT) as an evolving technology, this work focuses on connectivity. Currently, the main in-building connectivity technology for IoT enterprise deployments is the low rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). However, despite the low power and complexity, the two main issues of the LR-WPAN are very slow data access and short coverage range. To address these issues, 802.11ax can be a promising alternative due to its new IoT-oriented features that explicitly target the resource-constraint requirements. This work proposes and implements two IoT connectivity architectures to deploy the 11ax protocol stack in the sensor motes for sensing the environment and also in the backhaul link to collect and relay the sensed data to the remote processing server. The LR-WPAN is also implemented to be utilized as the baseline and reference point for comparison purposes. Furthermore, a decision model with two integrated modules is proposed to measure and evaluate the performance of the proposed architectures on the basis of the IoT requirement factors that directly contribute to IoT efficiency. The model includes an extensive set of IoT use cases to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed architectures and determine their contribution to performance enhancement of the IoT systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the required data is in the manuscript.
References
Adi E, Anwar A, Baig Z, Zeadally S (2020) Machine learning and data analytics for the IoT. Springer Neural Comput Appl 32:16205–16233
Ding J, Nemati M, Ranaweera C, Choi J (2020) IoT connectivity technologies and applications: A survey. IEEE Access 8:67646–67673
Ray PP (2018) A survey on internet of things architectures. Elsevier J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 30:291–319
Al-Kashoash HAA, Kemp AH (2017) Comparison of 6LoWPAN and LPWAN for the Internet of Things. Aust J Electr Electron Eng 13(4):268–274
Shafique K, Khawaja BA, Sabir F, Qazi S, Mustaqim M (2020) Internet of Things (IoT) for next-generation smart systems: A review of current challenges, future trends and prospects for emerging 5G-IoT scenarios. IEEE Access 8:23022–23040
Ahmadi H, Arji G, Shahmoradi L, Safdari R, Nilashi M, Alizadeh M (2019) The application of internet of things in healthcare: A systematic literature review and classification. Springer Univ Access Inf Soc 18:837–869
Kumar G, Tomar P (2018) A survey of IPv6 addressing schemes for Internet of Things. Int J Hyper Connectivity Internet of Things 2(2):43–57
Khadr MH, Salameh HB, Ayyash M, Almajali S, Elgala H (2019) Securing IoT delay-sensitive communications with opportunistic parallel transmission capability. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Waikoloa
Ayoub W, Mroue M, Nouvel F, Samhat AE, Prévotet JC (2018) Towards IP over LPWANs technologies: LoRaWAN, DASH7, NB-IoT. IEEE Sixth International Conference on Digital Information, Networking, and Communications W (DINWC), Beirut, Lebanon
Nikoukar A, Raza S, Poole A, Güne M, Dezfouli B (2018) Low-power wireless for the Internet of Things: Standards and applications. IEEE Access 6:67893–67926
Garg R, Sharma S (2016) Comparative study on techniques of IPv6 header compression in 6LoWPAN. Fourth International Conference on Advances in Information Processing and Communication Technology (IPCT)
Yang Z, Chang (2019) 6LoWPAN overview and implementations. International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN), Beijing, China
Al-Kashoash HAA, Kharrufa H, Al-Nidawi Y, Kemp AH (2018) Congestion control in wireless sensor and 6LoWPAN networks: Toward the Internet of Things. Springer Wirel Netw 25:4493–4522
Olsson J (2014) 6LoWPAN demystified. Texas Instruments, Dallas
Tan ZZ, Yap KM, Lim WN (2017) Flow control technique for LR-WPAN network in sensors data transmission. IEEE 13th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & its Applications (CSPA 2017), Penang, Malaysia
Gonzalez VB, Afaqui MS, Aguilera EL, Villegas EG (2016) IEEE 802.11ah: A technology to face the IoT challenge. MDPI J Sensors, 16(11)
Guo H, Liu J, Qin H (2018) Collaborative mobile edge computation offloading for IoT over fiber-wireless networks. IEEE J Netw 32(1)
Afaqui MS, Villegas EG, Aguilera EL (2017) IEEE 802.11ax: Challenges and requirements for future high efficiency Wi-Fi. IEEE Wirel Commun 24(3)
Hang Y, Deng DJ, Chen KC (2018) On energy saving in IEEE 802.11ax. IEEE Access 6:47546–47556
Selinis I, Katsaros K, Allayioti M, Vahid S, Tafazolli R (2018) The race to 5G Era; LTE and Wi-Fi. IEEE Access 6:56598–56636
Ali MZ, Misic J (2019) Misic. Bridging the transition from IEEE 802.11ac to IEEE 802.11ax: Survival of EDCA in a coexistence environment. IEEE J Netw 33(3):102–107
Muhammad S, Zhao J, Refai HH (2020) An empirical analysis of IEEE 802.11ax. International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing and their Applications, At Sharjah, UAE
Schelstraete S (2018) Optimizing efficiency and throughput in 11ax: OFDMA and MU-MIMO. https://www.quantenna.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/WP-Optimizing-efficiency-and-throughput-in-11ax.pdf. Accessed 22 June 2020
Cisco Meraki (2019) Wi-Fi 6: The next generation of wireless. Whitepaper. https://meraki.cisco.com/lib/pdf/meraki_whitepaper_wifi6.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2020
Ausaf A, Khan MZ, Javed MA, Bashir AK (2020) WLAN Aware cognitive medium access control protocol for IoT applications. MDPI J Future Internet 12(1)
Luong P, Nguyen TM, Le LB (2016) Throughput analysis for coexisting IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.11 networks under unsaturated traffic. Springer EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 127
Ndih EDN, Cherkaoui S (2016) On enhancing technology coexistence in the IoT Era: ZigBee and 802.11 Case. IEEE Access 4:1835–1844
Winter JM, Muller I, Soatti G, Savazzi S, Nicoli M, Becker LB, Netto JC, Pereira CE (2015) Wireless coexistence and spectrum sensing in Industrial Internet of Things: An experimental study. Hindawi Int J Distrib Sensor Netw. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/627083
Winter JM, Muller I, Pereira CE, Savazzi S, Becker LB, Netto JC (2014) Coexistence issues in wireless networks for factory automation. IEEE 12th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Porto Alegre, Brazil
Krupanek B, Bogacz R (2016) Cooperation of wireless networks IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b/g – introduction and measurements. Prz Elektrotechniczny 1(11):134–137
Zhang J, Hasandka A, Wei J, Alam SMS, Elgindy T, Florita AR, Hodge BM (2018) Hybrid communication architectures for distributed smart grid applications. MDPI J Energ 11(4)
Ahmed N, Rahman H, Hussain MI (2016) A comparison of 802.11ah and 802.15.4 for IoT. ScienceDirect ICT Express Vol 2(3):100–102
Henna S, Sajeel M, Bashir F, Asfand-e-yar M, Tauqir M (2017) A fair contention access scheme for low-priority traffic in wireless body area networks. MDPI J Sensors 17(9)
Abbas N, Yu F (2018) A comprehensive analysis of the end-to-end delay for wireless multimedia sensor networks. Springer J Electr Eng Technol 13(6):2456–2467
Peir´o PT, Gallego FV, Mu˜noz J, Watteyne T, Zarate JA, Vilajosana X (2019) Experimental interference robustness evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4–2015 OQPSK-DSSS and SUN-OFDM Physical Layers. MDPI J Electron 8(9)
Garg R, Sharma S (2018) Modified and improved IPv6 header compression (MIHC) scheme for 6LoWPAN. Springer Wirel Pers Commun 103:2019–2033
Touati F, Mnaouer AB, Ochir OE, Mehmood W, Hassan A, Gaabab B (2016) Feasibility and performance evaluation of a 6LoWPAN-enabled platform for ubiquitous healthcare monitoring. Wiley J Wirel Commun Mob Comput 16(10):1271–1281
Gomes T, Salgado F, Pinto S, Cabral J, Tavares A (2018) A 6LoWPAN accelerator for Internet of Things endpoint devices. IEEE Internet of Things J 5(1)
Moghanjoughi AA, Sali A, Amazonas JR, Ali BM, Subramaniamc S, Khatun S (2013) Tightly-coupled integrated LR-WPAN/WiMAX network: architecture and performance modelling. ScienceDirect IERI Procedia 4:59–67
Rajab H, Cinkler T, Bouguera T (2020) IoT scheduling for higher throughput and lower transmission power. Wirel Netw. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02307-1
Mostafa AE, Zhou Y, Wong VWS (2019) Connection density maximization of narrowband IoT systems with NOMA. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 18(10):4708–4722
Rahman AMA, Zaman FHK, Abdullah SAC (2018) Performance analysis of LPWAN using LoRa technology for IoT application. Int J Eng Technol 7(4.11):212–216
Abeele FVD, Haxhibeqiri J, Moerman I, Hoebeke J (2017) Scalability analysis of large-scale LoRaWAN networks in ns-3. IEEE Internet of Things J 4(6):2186–2198
Liu X, Wu J (2019) A method for energy balance and data transmission optimal routing in wireless sensor networks. MDPI J Sensors 19(13)
Lenders MS, Schmidt TC, Wählisch M (2019) A lesson in scaling 6LoWPAN – Minimal fragment forwarding in lossy networks. IEEE 44th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Osnabrueck. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN44214.2019.8990812
Wagh SS, More A, Kharote PR (2015) Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol under coexistence of WiFi 802.11b. ScienceDirect Procedia Comput Sci 57:745–751
Kumar S, Kaltenberger F, Ramirez A, Kloiber B (2019) An SDR implementation of WiFi receiver for mitigating multiple co-channel ZigBee interferers. J Wireless Com Network. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1512-3
Nurchis M, Bellalta B (2019) Target wake time: scheduled access in IEEE 802.11ax WLANs. IEEE J Wirel Commun 26(2):142–150. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2019.1800163
Henna S, Sarwar MA (2018) An adaptive backoff mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled wireless body area networks. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9782605
Cisco White Paper (2020) IEEE 802.11ax: The sixth generation of Wi-Fi. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/white-paper-c11-740788.html. Accessed 3 April 2020
Funding
The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Declarations
I am submitting you our manuscript entitled “Developing New Connectivity Architectures for Local Sensing and Control IoT Systems”. We would like to have this manuscript considered for publication in “Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications”.
Conflict of interest
This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue.
Code availability
The required code is available in the manuscript itself.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Malekzadeh, M. Developing new connectivity architectures for local sensing and control IoT systems. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 14, 609–626 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-020-01019-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-020-01019-9