Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analytical modelling of false blocking problem in wireless ad hoc networks

  • Published:
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The false blocking problem is induced by the traditional IEEE 802.11 Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send (RTS/CTS) handshaking in wireless ad hoc networks such as the emerging Device-to-Device (D2D) ad hoc network. An RTS overhearing node is falsely deferred (blocked) when the RTS/CTS handshaking is unsuccessful. The deferred node does not reply to any other incoming packets during its deferral, resulting in the propagation of false blocking. To mitigate the false blocking problem, various false blocking mitigation schemes were proposed. In this paper, an analytical model based on the Markov chain is developed to mathematically analyse and assess the effectiveness of the false blocking mitigation schemes. The analytical model can be applied to the various medium access control (MAC) protocols in the wireless ad hoc networks. Three mitigation schemes i.e. Ready-to-Send Blocking Notification (RSBN), Request-to-Send Validation (RTS-V), and traditional 802.11 schemes are studied. The results from both the analytical evaluation and simulation evaluation are closely matched. This shows the analytical model is able to accurately represent the behaviour and also provide the performance of various schemes in mitigating the false blocking problem. The analytical model is general and flexible enough that it can be adapted to model any existing and future false blocking mitigation schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Funai C, Tapparello C, Heinzelman W (2017) Enabling multi-hop ad hoc networks through WiFi Direct multi-group networking. International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC):491–497. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCNC.2017.7876178

  2. Reina DG, Toral SL, Johnson P, Barrero F (2015) A survey on probabilistic broadcast schemes for wireless ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw 25:263–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Dang DNM, Nguyen V, Le HT, Hong CS, Choe J (2016) An efficient multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Netw 44:46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.02.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Son D, Huh S, Lee T, Kwak J (2020) Internet of things system technologies based on quality of experience. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13(2):475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-019-00727-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Li S, Da Xu L, Zhao S (2018) 5G internet of things: a survey. J Ind Inf Integr 10:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2018.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Thomas A, Raja G (2019) FINDER: A D2D based critical communications framework for disaster management in 5G. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 12(4):912–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-018-0689-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hayat O, Ngah R, Zahedi Y (2019) In-Band Device to Device (D2D) Communication and Device Discovery: A Survey. Wireless Personal Communications:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06173-9

  8. IEEE 802.11. Wireless LAN Media Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification (2017)

  9. Wei Z, Sun Y, Ji Y (2017) Collision analysis of CSMA/CA based MAC protocol for duty cycled WBANs. Wireless Networks 23(5):1429–1447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1230-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ahmed N, Rahman H, Hussain MI (2016) A comparison of 802.11ah and 802.15. 4 for IoT. ICT Express 2(3):100–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2016.07.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sangeetha U, Babu A (2019) Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 ah wireless local area network under the restricted access window-based mechanism. International Journal of Communication Systems 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3888

  12. Ismaiel B, Abolhasan M, Smith D et al (2017) Scalable MAC protocol for D2D communication for future 5G networks. IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC):542–547. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2017.7983165

  13. Maksymyuk T, Brych M, Klymash M et al (2017) Cooperative channels allocation in unlicensed spectrum for D2D assisted 5G cellular network. Advanced Information and Communication Technologies (AICT):197–200. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIACT.2017.8020098

  14. Fafoutis X, Di Mauro A, Vithanage MD, Dragoni N (2015) Receiver-initiated medium access control protocols for wireless sensor networks. Comput Netw 76:55–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yao J, Lou W, Yang C, Wu K (2018) Efficient interference-aware power control for wireless networks. Comput Netw 136:68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.02.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chakraborty S, Nandi S, Chattopadhyay S (2015) Alleviating hidden and exposed nodes in high-throughput wireless mesh networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 15(2):928–937. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2480398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ray S, Carruthers J, Starobinski D (2003) RTS/CTS-induced congestion in ad hoc wireless LANs. In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 3:1516–1521. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2003.1200611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ray S, Starobinski D (2007) On false blocking in RTS/CTS-based multihop wireless networks. IEEE Transactions of Vehicular Technology 56(2):849–862. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2007.891476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chong WK, Drieberg M, Jeoti V (2018) Mitigating false blocking problem in wireless ad hoc networks. Telecommun Syst 67(1):31–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-017-0314-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hossain MA, Sarkar NI, Gutierrez J, Liu W (2017) Performance study of block ACK and reverse direction in IEEE 802.11n using a Markov chain model. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 78:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2016.11.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chandra K, Prasad RV, Niemegeers I (2017) Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11ad MAC protocol. IEEE communications letters 21(7):1513–1516. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2677924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yazid M, Aïssani D, Bouallouche-Medjkoune L, Amrouche N, Bakli K (2015) Modeling and enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS scheme in an error-prone channel. Formal Aspects of Computing 27(1):33–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-014-0300-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Weng CE, Chen HC (2016) The performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11 DCF using Markov chain model for wireless LANs. Computer Standards & Interfaces 44:144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2015.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sanada K, Komuro N, Sekiya H (2015) End-to-end throughput and delay analysis for IEEE 802.11 string topology multi-hop network using Markov-chain model. Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC):1697–1701. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343572

  25. Karabulut MA, Shah AS, Ilhan H (2017) Performance modeling and analysis of the IEEE 802.11 DCF for VANETs. Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT):346–351. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUMT.2017.8255147

  26. Joon R, Singh RP (2015) Modelling of IEEE 802.11 DCF in the Presence of Hidden Nodes. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 9(1):70–77. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2015.071674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rathee P, Singh R, Kumar S (2016) Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p in the Presence of Hidden Terminals. Wireless Personal Communications 89(1):61–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3252-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Doost-Mohammady R, Naderi MY, Chowdhury KR (2015) Performance analysis of CSMA/CA based medium access in full duplex wireless communications. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 15(6):1457–1470. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2015.2462832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hajlaoui N, Jabri I, Jemaa MB (2018) An accurate two dimensional Markov chain model for IEEE 802.11 n DCF. Wireless Networks 24(4):1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1383-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bhattacharya A, Kumar A (2017) Analytical Modeling of IEEE 802.11-Type CSMA/CA Networks with Short Term Unfairness. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON) 25(6):3455–3472. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2017.2747406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Garrido P, Lucani DE, Agüero R (2017) Markov chain model for the decoding probability of sparse network coding. IEEE Trans Commun 65(4):1675–1685. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2657621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Deng X, He T, He L, Gui J, Peng Q (2017) Performance analysis for IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh network in smart grid. Wireless Personal Communications 96(1):1537–1555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4255-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. MathWorks – MATLAB [Online]. ww2.mathworks.cn/en/products/matlab.html (2020). Accessed December 2020

  34. OMNeT++ Discrete Event Simulator [Online]. omnetpp.org (2020). Accessed December 2020

  35. NS-3 Network Simulator [Online]. nsnam.org (2021). Accessed January 2021

  36. Manzoor S, Yin Y, Gao Y, Hei X, Cheng W (2020) A Systematic Study of IEEE 802.11 DCF Network Optimization From Theory to Testbed. IEEE Access 8:154114–154132. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3018088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Rebeca Modeling Language [Online]. rebeca-lang.org (2020). Accessed December 2020

  38. Yousefi B, Ghassemi F, Khosravi R (2017) Modeling and efficient verification of wireless ad hoc networks. Form Asp Comput 29(6):1051–1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00165-017-0429-z

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  39. Jaghoori M, Movaghar A, Sirjani M (2006) The Model Checking Engine of Rebeca. ACM SAC (6). https://doi.org/10.1145/1141277.1141704

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computing and Information Technology, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Kolej, Taman Bandar Baru, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

    Wai Kheong Chong

  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Micheal Drieberg

  3. Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia

    Varun Jeoti

  4. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Rizwan Ahmad

Authors
  1. Wai Kheong Chong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Micheal Drieberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Varun Jeoti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rizwan Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wai Kheong Chong.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chong, W.K., Drieberg, M., Jeoti, V. et al. Analytical modelling of false blocking problem in wireless ad hoc networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 15, 221–245 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01156-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01156-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation