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Pre-trained language model-enhanced conditional generative adversarial networks for intrusion detection

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Abstract

As cyber threats continue to evolve, ensuring network security has become increasingly critical. Deep learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are crucial for addressing this issue. However, imbalanced training data and limited feature extraction weaken classification performance for intrusion detection. This paper presents a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) enhanced by Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), a pre-trained language model, for multi-class intrusion detection. This approach augments minority attack data through CGAN to mitigate class imbalance. BERT with robust feature extraction is embedded into the CGAN discriminator to enhance input–output dependency and improve detection through adversarial training. Experiments show the proposed model outperforms baselines on CSE-CIC-IDS2018, NF-ToN-IoT-V2, and NF-UNSW-NB15-v2 datasets, achieving F1-scores of 98.230%, 98.799%, and 89.007%, respectively, and improving F1-scores over baselines by 1.218%\(-\)13.844% 0.215%\(-\)13.779%, and 2.056%\(-\)22.587%.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Notes

  1. https://cyber-edge.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/CyberEdge-2022-CDR-Report.pdf

  2. https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ids-2018.html

  3. https://rdm.uq.edu.au/files/a4ad7080-ef9c-11ed-a964-b70596e96ad5

  4. https://rdm.uq.edu.au/files/8c6e2a00-ef9c-11ed-827d-e762de186848

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, and other research projects.

Funding

This work was supported in part by National Key R &D Program of China under Grant 2021YFB2012301, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61502230, 61501224, and 62202221, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20201357 and BK20220331, the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province under Grant RJFW-020.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Computer and Information Engineering (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China

    Fang Li, Hang Shen, Jieai Mai, Tianjing Wang & Yuanfei Dai

  2. School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China

    Xiaodong Miao

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  1. Fang Li
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Contributions

Fang Li, Hang Shen, and Jieai Mai wrote the main manuscript text. Tianjing Wang, Yuanfei Dai, and Xiaodong Miao provided guiding ideas and suggestions. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hang Shen.

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We declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We declare that there is no financial interest/personal relationship which may be considered as potential competing interests.

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Li, F., Shen, H., Mai, J. et al. Pre-trained language model-enhanced conditional generative adversarial networks for intrusion detection. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 17, 227–245 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-023-01595-6

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