Abstract
2D underground models that reflect the physical, mechanical and structural properties of the geological units below the ground are called geotechnical cross-sections. In order to visualize these cross-sections, geotechnical engineers record the measurements obtained from vertical electrical sounding, seismic refraction or drilling methods. The visualization process is done by hand and it may vary depending on the researcher’s academic knowledge, intuition and drawing ability. Therefore, a visualization may be considered inaccurate by another researcher. However, geotechnical cross-sections should not vary according to a researcher’s perspective. For this reason, there is a need for an application that standardizes the process and has the ability to visualize cross-sections fast and in a practical way. For this purpose, we have developed a web-based visualization application that automatically generates geotechnical cross-sections. A fuzzy logic approach with dynamic rules has been applied to standardize the visualization process. In our experiments, hand-drawn cross-sections were compared to those that were generated by our application and the mean visualization accuracy of the system was calculated as 88.39%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adewoyin OO, Joshua EO, Akinwumi II, et al. (2017) Evaluation of geotechnical parameters using geophysical data. J Eng Technol Sci 49:96–114. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2017.49.1.6
Allali SA, Abed M, Mebarki A (2018) Post-earthquake assessment of buildings damage using fuzzy logic. Eng Struct 166:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.055
Ameratunga J, Sivakugan N, Das BM (2016) Geotechnical properties of soils-Fundamentals. In: Correlations of soil and rock properties in geotechnical engineering. Springer, New Delhi, pp 11–50
Atat JG, Akpabio IO, George NJ (2013) Allowable bearing capacity for shallow foundation in Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria. Int J Geosci 04:1491–5000. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.410146
Bozcu M, Uyanık O, Çakmak O, Türker E (2007) Eşen I HES projesi alanının jeoteknik özellikleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11:1. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.56308
Choudhury J, Lohith Kumar K, Nagaiah E, et al. (2017) Vertical electrical sounding to delineate the potential aquifer zones for drinking water in Niamey city, Niger, Africa. J Earth Syst Sci 126:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0860-9
Coduto DP, Yeung M-C, Kitch WA (2010) Geotechnical engineering: principles and practices. New York City
de Pasquale G, Linde N, Greenwood A (2019) Joint probabilistic inversion of DC resistivity and seismic refraction data applied to bedrock/regolith interface delineation. J Appl Geophys 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103839
Demirci İ, Candansayar ME, Vafidis A, Soupios P (2017) Two dimensional joint inversion of direct current resistivity, radio-magnetotelluric and seismic refraction data: an application from Bafra Plain, Turkey. J Appl Geophys 139:316–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.03.002
Dhamiry NM, Zouaghi T (2019) Near-surface geophysical surveys for bedrock investigation and modeling for grain silos site, Yanbu City, Western Saudi Arabia. Model Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-019-00654-3
Garavelli AC, Gorgoglione M, Scozzi B (1999) Fuzzy logic to improve the robustness of decision support systems under uncertainty. Comput Ind Eng 37:477–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-8352(99)00122-9
Geometrics (2020) Seisimager/2D. https://www.geometrics.com/software/seisimager-2d/. Accessed 2 August 2020
Geotomosoft (2020) RES2DINV-Geoelectrical Imaging 2D & 3D. https://www.geotomosoft.com/downloads.php. Accessed 2 August 2020
Ghafoori M, Lashkaripour GR, Azali ST (2011) Investigation of the geological and geotechnical characteristics of Daroongar Dam, Northeast Iran. Geotech Geol Eng 29:961–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9429-6
Gnatus NA, Khutorskoy MD (2010) Hot dry rocks: an inexhaustible and renewable source of energy. Lithol Miner Resour 45:593–600. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0024490210060064
Gokalp H (2018) Improvements to earthquake location with a fuzzy logic approach. Pure Appl Geophys 175:341–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1688-6
Holmes WT (2000) The 1997 NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures. Earthq Spectra 16:101–114. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586085
Kaya MA, Ozurlan G, Balkaya C (2015) Geoelectrical investigation of seawater intrusion in the coastal urban area of Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 73:1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3467-3
Loke MH (2001) Electrical imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies. A practical guide to 2-D and 3-D surveys, RES2DINV Manual. IRIS Instruments
Mamdani EH, Assilian S (1975) An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. Int J Man Mach Stud 7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(75)80002-2
Nayan KAM, Taha MR, Omar NA, et al. (2015) Determination of ultimate pile bearing capacity from a seismic method of shear wave velocity in comparison with conventional methods. J Teknol 74:99–102. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v74.4559
Optim S (2020) SeisOpt ReMi. https://optimsoftware.com/seisopt-remi/. Accessed 2 August 2020
Othman AAA (2005) Construed geotechnical characteristics of foundation beds by seismic measurements. J Geophys Eng 2:126–138. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/2/2/007
Pegah E, Liu H (2016) Application of near-surface seismic refraction tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves for geotechnical site characterizations: a case study. Eng Geol 208:100–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.021
Pickett GR (1963) Acoustic character logs and their applications in formation evaluation. J Pet Technol 15:659–667. https://doi.org/10.2118/452-pa
Reiffsteck P, Benoît J, Bourdeau C, Desanneaux G (2018) Enhancing geotechnical investigations using drilling parameters. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 144:04018006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001836
Tezcan SS, Keceli A, Ozdemir Z (2006) Allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundations based on shear wave velocity. Geotech Geol Eng 24:203–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-1748-4
Titov K, Loukhmanov V, Potapov A (2000) Monitoring of water seepage from a reservoir using resistivity and self polarization methods: case history of the Petergoph fountain water supply system. First Break 18:431–435. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2397.2000.00096.x
Trillas E (2015) A Naïve view on ordinary reasoning and fuzzy logic. Berlin, Germany
Uyanık O (2010) Compressional and shear-wave velocity measurements in unconsolidated top-soil and comparison of the results. Int J Phys Sci 5(7):1034–1039
Uyanık O, Çatlıoğlu B (2014) Determination of landslide geometry by using electrical resistivity and seismic refraction methods. Suleyman Demirel Univ J Nat Appl Sci 18:22–29
Uyanık O, Gördesli F (2013) Sismik hızlardan taşıma gücünün incelenmesi. SDU Int J Technol Sci 5(2)
Uyanık O, Ulugergerli EU (2008) Quality control of compacted grounds using seismic velocities. Near Surf Geophys 6:299–306. https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2008004
Yamazaki K (2015) Accuracy analysis of semi-supervised classification when the class balance changes. Neurocomputing 160:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2014.10.080
Zond S (2020) ZondST2D–Software for seismic tomography. http://zond-geo.com/english/zond-software/seismic-tomography/zondst2d/. Accessed 2 August 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
Additional information
Communicated by: H. Babaie
Data availability
[dataset] Yuksel, Asim; Uyank, Osman; Er, Kaan (2019), “Geotechnical Cross-Section Data set”, Mendeley Data, v1, https://doi.org/10.17632/pnd5789gyz.1
Code availability and requirements
GCS-Modeler2D is open-source and free of charge. The source code and instructions to run the application can be accessed from https://doi.org/https://github.com/asimsinan/gcs-modeler2d GCS-Modeler2D Repo. To run GCS-Modeler2D, the compiled files should be published to a Windows based server. GCS-Modeler2D has been tested on Windows 10 operating system. The application is licensed under non-commercial GNU Public License, version 3 (GPL v.3) for academic purposes. All software files can be compiled by using Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 IDE. At least, a 2.9GHz Intel Core i7 CPU and 8GB of RAM are recommended for further implementation.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuksel, A.S., Uyanik, O. & Er, K. Development of a fuzzy logic based online visualization application for 2D geotechnical cross-section modeling. Earth Sci Inform 13, 1523–1538 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-020-00500-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-020-00500-6