Abstract
In groundwater studies, highly skewed data that are not conducive to kriging interpolation are very common. In this work, the total dissolved solids (TDS) results of 1047 phreatic groundwater samples in the Junggar Basin were used to obtain high-precision spatial continuous data through the multi-scale cokriging (CoK) model. The groundwater system in the Junggar Basin was divided into four secondary groundwater systems. Box-Cox (BC) and normal score transformation (NST) methods were used to reduce the data sets kurtosis and skewness. The ordinary kriging, simple kriging, universal kriging, and disjunctive kriging (DK) were considered for interpolation. CoK was used to combine the interpolation results of basin and secondary groundwater systems to improve the interpolation quality. The results indicated that NST was suitable for all data sets, but BC performed better for moderately skewed data. DK performed better than other linear kriging models, especially for highly skewed data. DK-NST was the best basic interpolation scheme for basin groundwater system, but the test R2 was only 0.47. The R2 of the best basic interpolation schemes for the secondary groundwater systems could reach 0.73 ~ 0.99, but the interpolation results at the boundaries were greatly affected by the distribution of sampling points and system scales. Multi-scale CoK model improved the interpolation quality of TDS in basin and secondary groundwater systems. The kriging model performed well when the human impact is weak and the spatial autocorrelation is strong. In addition, the effect of samples uniformity on interpolation is stronger than that of density.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by China Geological Survey (No. DD20190352). The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their very valuable comments.
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Zhao, Z., Zhang, L. & Bi, E. Spatial interpolation of highly skewed data of the Junggar Basin phreatic groundwater through the multi-scale cokriging model. Earth Sci Inform 15, 1737–1748 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-022-00835-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-022-00835-2