Abstract
Fresh water is vital for all living creatures and maintains the hydrological cycle. Surface water bodies conserve freshwater and exhibit dynamic changes yearly due to high/low rainfall and over/underutilization. Therefore, extracting water bodies and determining their extent is imperative for effective water resource management. Water body extraction using Water Indices (WI) and Machine Learning (ML) face threshold selection and feature optimization challenges, respectively. This paper proposes a Lightweight Attention-based Multiscale Neural Network (LWAMNNet) for surface water body extraction from Linear Imaging Self Scanning‒III (LISS-III) remote sensing images. The LWAMNNet is an encoder-decoder architecture designed using a modified residual block in both the encoder and decoder to extract high-level features. Feature Extraction Module (FEM) is sandwiched between encoder and decoder to extract global contextual features. The LWAMNNet replaces convolutions with depthwise separable convolutions to reduce computation complexity. In the decoder, the attention module is incorporated to provide attention to fused features (i.e., combined deep features with spatial encoder features) at different scales. The LWAMNNet effectively extracts different-sized water bodies with non-linear boundaries. The proposed LWAMNNet qualitatively and quantitatively outperforms other DL models in performance metrics (accuracy of 99.5%) and computation complexity (in terms of trainable parameters and time). Additionally, the water extent of five major reservoirs in south India was determined annually from 2016 to 2019. Also, the reason for water dynamics is analyzed with the help of rainfall and water availability data provided by the Indian Metrological Department (IMD).
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Data availability
The datasets utilized in this study can be downloaded from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India, which is publicly accessible. Since the datasets are publicly accessible, authors are encouraged to access them via the link https:// bhuvan-app3.nrsc.gov.in/data/download/index.php. The images used for research purposes are illustrated in the manuscript.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India, for supplying the Resourcesat-2: LISS-III image data for educational purposes. We also thank the National Institute of Technology Puducherry in Karaikal, India, for providing research facilities.
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Every author has contributed to the successful compilation of this study. Nagaraj. R: Data collection, validation, Methodology, Software, Formal Analysis, and Writing - original draft. original draft. Lakshmi Sutha Kumar: Conceptualization, and Supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Nagaraj, R., Kumar, L.S. LWAMNNet: A novel deep learning framework for surface water body extraction from LISS-III satellite images. Earth Sci Inform 17, 561–592 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01187-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01187-1