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Aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

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Abstract

It has been discussed in the literature that the medium-access control (MAC) protocols, which schedule periodic sleep–active states of sensor nodes, can increase the longevity of sensor networks. However, these protocols suffer from very low end-to-end throughput and increased end-to-end packet delay. How to design an energy-efficient MAC protocol that greatly minimizes the packet delay while maximizing the achievable data delivery rate, however, remains unanswered. In this paper, motivated by the many-to-one multihop traffic pattern of sensor networks and the heterogeneity in required data packet rates of different events, we propose an aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol (ATW-HMAC). We find that ATW-HMAC significantly decreases the packet losses due to collisions and buffer drops (i.e., mitigates the congestion), which helps to improve network throughput, energy efficiency, and end-to-end packet delay. ATW-HMAC is designed to work with both single-path and multipath routing. Our analytical analysis shows that ATW-HMAC provides weighted fair rate allocation and energy efficiency. The results of our extensive simulation, done in ns-2.30, show that ATW-HMAC outperforms S-MAC; traffic-adaptive medium access; and SC-HMAC.

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Notes

  1. We refer the parent/child relation in the sink-rooted, tree-based network as a downstream/upstream relation among the nodes. For example, in Fig. 2a, nodes 3 and 4 are the upstreams of node 9, which in turn is the downstream of them.

  2. Possible load distribution policies could be as follows: (1) homogeneous distribution—the total traffic load of node i could be equally divided amongst the available paths and (2) proportional distribution—loads could be distributed proportional to the minimum hop count of a path, free buffer space in the downstream node, maximum residual energy of the downstream node, successful packet delivery rate of a link/path, etc.

  3. As discussed in Section 1, event type B may represent moving object tracking and A may stand for its counterpart.

  4. In our simulation, we assign R i  = g i and keep it unchanged during the whole simulation period. Obviously, the consideration of R i opens the door of designing an optimal traffic engineering algorithm for multipath data forwarding in WSN, which we leave as our future work.

  5. \(C=\rho \pi R_{s}^2=\frac{\text{1,000}}{\text{1,000}\times \text{1,000}}\times \frac{22}{7}\times (70)^2\approx 15\).

  6. \(b_{e}^{0,0}\) and P idle can be expressed in terms of \(q_{0}, {\rm CW}_{\rm min}, p_c^i\) and maximum backoff stage t; please see [18] for details.

  7. In this paper, we assume all nodes are operating in the same channel, i.e., they have equal bandwidths.

  8. In some cases, overhearing is indeed desirable. Some algorithms may rely on overhearing to gather neighborhood information for network monitoring, reliable routing, or distributed queries [11, 24].

  9. SYNC, RTS, CTS, and ACK packets in S-MAC; NP and SEP messages in TRAMA; and RTS, CTS, ACK, and additional MAC header bytes in SC-HMAC and ATW-HMAC are considered for counting the total number of control bytes transmitted by the respective protocol.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions that helped to clarify this work’s presentation. This research was supported by the MKE, Korea, under the ITRC support program supervised by the IITA (IITA-2009-(C1090-0902-0002)). Dr. C. S. Hong is the corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1, Seocheon-ri, Giheung-eup, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, South Korea

    M. Abdur Razzaque, M. Mamun-Or-Rashid, Muhammad Mahbub Alam & Choong Seon Hong

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  1. M. Abdur Razzaque
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  2. M. Mamun-Or-Rashid
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  3. Muhammad Mahbub Alam
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  4. Choong Seon Hong
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Correspondence to Choong Seon Hong.

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Razzaque, M.A., Mamun-Or-Rashid, M., Alam, M.M. et al. Aggregated traffic flow weight controlled hierarchical MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Ann. Telecommun. 64, 705 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-009-0095-0

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