Abstract
In the intra-frame coding of H.264/AVC, information hiding can be implemented by modulating the prediction modes of 4 × 4 luminance blocks. Because such kind of methods has characteristics of high speed, good concealment, and so on, it is very suitable to build the covert communication system based on video communications and brings a great public security threat. Therefore, it is important to study its steganalysis method. In this paper, we first analyzed the changes of remarkable characteristics in intra-frame coding caused by modulating intra-prediction modes for information hiding, and found that the inherent correlation among the prediction modes in different 4 × 4 luminance blocks belonging to an intra-frame coding macroblock was changed. According to several different positional relationships of the adjacent 4 × 4 blocks in spatial domain, we designed statistical models corresponding to the prediction mode correlation to make quantitative extraction of these correlation characteristics. An information hiding detector was constructed based on the support vector machine. Based on the constructed detector, the experimental results show that the mean of the detection accuracy, recall ratio, and precision ratio are all excellent for different test video sequences.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yang Hu, Chun-tian Z, Yu-ting Su (2007) Information hiding based on intra prediction modes for H.264/AVC, 2007 I.E. International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Beijing, -2 July, pp.1231-1234
Yang G-B, Li J-J, He Y-L, Kang Z (2011) An information hiding algorithm based on intra-prediction modes and matrix coding for H.264/AVC video stream. AEU Int J Electron Commun 65(4):331–337
Xu D-W, Wang R-D, Wang J-C (2012) Prediction mode modulated data-hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC. J Real-Time Image Proc 7(4):205–214
Hongliu Z, Wang R, Xu D, Zhou X (2010) information hiding algorithm for H.264 based on the prediction difference of intra_4× 4, 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP2010), Oct., pp.487-490
Nasir M, Mushtaq M (2012) Blind watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC based on intra 4x4 prediction modes. Future Information Technology, Application, and Service Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 179:1–7
Shuya YAMADERA, Naoya WADA, Seiichiro HANGAI (2010) A study on light information hiding method compatible with conventional H.264/AVC decoder, 2010 2nd European Workshop Visual Information Processing, July, pp.210-213
Xu D, Wang R, Wang J (2009) Blind digital watermarking of low bit-rate advanced H.264/AVC compressed video. In: Digital watermarking, 5703rd edn, Lecture notes in computer science., pp 96–109
Mansouri A, Aznaveh AM, Torkamani-Azar F, Kurugollu F (2010) A low complexity video watermarking in H.264 compressed domain. In: Information Forensics and Security, vol 4, 5th edn, IEEE transactions., pp 649–657
Yu L, He-xin C, Yan Z. (2010) A New Method of Data Hiding Based on H.264 Encoded Video Sequences, 2010 I.E. 10th International Conference on Signal Processing, Oct., pp.1833-1836
Qiu G, Marziliano P, Ho A, He D, Sun Q (2004) A hybrid watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video. Int Conf Pattern Recog 4:865–868
Hao B, Zhao L, Zhong W (2011) A Novel Steganography Algorithm Based on Motion Vector and Matrix Encoding, 2011 I.E. 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, May, pp.406-409
Tien-Ying K, Yi-Chung L, Chen-I Lin. Fragile Video Watermarking Technique by Motion Field Embedding with Rate-distortion Minimization. Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 2008. IIHMSP '08 International Conference on 15-17 Aug. 2008
Najla Mohaghegh, Omid F. H.264 (2008) Copyright Protection with Motion Vector Watermarking, International Conference on Audio,Language and Inamge Processing, July, pp.1384-1389
Spyridon K. Kapotas, Athanassios N. Skodras (2008) A new data hiding scheme for scene changing detection in H.264 encoding video sequence, 2008 I.E. International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.277-280
Spyridon K. Kapotas, Athanassios N. Skodras (2007) data hiding in H.264 encoded video sequences, IEEE 9th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Oct., pp.373-376
Chia-Hsiung Liu, Oscal T.-C. Chen (2008) Data Hiding in Inter and Intra Prediction Modes of H.264/AVC, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May, pp.3025-3028
Wang R, Wang J (2010) low complexity video watermarking algorithm by exploiting CAVLC in H.264/AVC, 2010 I.E. International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Information Security, June, pp.411-415
Mobasseri BG, Raikar YN (2007) Authentication of H. 264 streams by direct watermarking of CAVLC blocks. In: Delp EJ, Wong PW (eds) Security, steganography, and watermarking of multimedia contents IX, vol 65051W, 65th edn, Proceedings of the SPIE
Liao K, Ye D, Lian S, Guo Z, Wang J (2009) Lightweight information hiding in H.264/AVC video stream, International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security, pp.578-582
Tian L, Zheng N, Xue J, Xu T (2008) A CAVLC-based Blind Watermarking Method for H.264/AVC compressed video, Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference, Dec., pp.1295-1299
TANG J, WEN A (2008) A H.264/AVC digital watermarking algorithm based on prediction-residual energy priority, Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition, Dec., pp.1-6
Mohammad A. Ali, Eran A. Edirisinghe (2011) Multi-layer watermarking of H.264/AVC Video using differential expansion on IPCM Blocks, IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), pp.53-54
Spyridon K. Kapotas, Athanassios N. Skodras (2009) Real time data hiding by exploiting the IPCM macroblocks, Real-Time Image Proc pp.33–41
Pei W, Zhendong Z, Li Li (2008) A video watermarking scheme based on motion vectors and mode selection, 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering pp.233-237
Feng G, Guozheng (Wu.2011) motion vector and mode selection based fragile video watermarking algorithm, 2011 I.E. International Conference on Anti-Counterfeiting,Security and Identification, June, pp.73-76
Sullivan GJ, Wiegnad T (2005) Video compression-from concepts to the H.264/AVC standard. Proc IEEE 93:18–31
Yu S, Hui-Xiang X, Zhi-Hong Y, Zhi-Chao Li (2010) A novel steganalysis scheme of digital video, 2010 International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security, Nanjing, 4–6 November, pp.952-956
Kancherla k, Mukkamala S (2009) Video Steganalysis Using Motion Estimation, 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Atlanta, 14–19 June, pp.1510-1515
Zhang C, Yuting Su, Chuntian Z (2008) A new video steganalysis algorithm against motion vector steganography, 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Da Lian, 12-14 October, pp.1-4
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China under Grant no. 2011AA01A102, the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant no. XDA06010302, the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China under Grant no. 2011 J05151, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant no. JB-ZR1220, the Scientific Research Foundation of Huaqiao University under Grant no. 11BS210, and the Platform Construction Project for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Fujian Province of China under Grant no. 2012H2101.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, S., Deng, H., Tian, H. et al. Steganalysis of prediction mode modulated data-hiding algorithms in H.264/AVC video stream. Ann. Telecommun. 69, 461–473 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-013-0381-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-013-0381-8