Abstract
In this article, we address the implementation and deployment of a service robot platform for interaction with the elderly in the context of a collaborative European initiative. Specifically, we overview the development of the robot system architecture and components, focusing on the graceful integration of a set of interoperable intelligent services towards advanced human–robot interaction. The service robot targets older people with light physical or psychological issues, delivering several different functionalities, and putting itself at their service. We describe the initial validation tests in a semi-controlled scenario, as well as the deployment of the robotic platform during a week-long pilot in an end user environment. The main challenges and the outcome of the experimental tests with the mobile robot platform are discussed, and results show generally positive reactions from the care center residents, which have provided their valuable feedback on the usability, appearance, interaction and satisfaction of the robot, yielding important lessons that were learned while performing the pilot.
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Notes
For more details on the SoCoNet, please visit: http://www.citard-serv.com/products-soconet.php.
In ROS, a service is the way of implementing a synchronized request–reply communication. A providing ROS node (application) offers a service, and a client calls the service by sending the request message and awaiting the reply.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the SocialRobot Project, funded under the 7th Framework Programme (FP7) Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP), Marie Curie Programme 2011 by the European Commission, under Grant Agreement 285870. The authors would like to sincerely thank the Zuyderland Hoogstaete care center team in Sittard (The Netherlands), especially Roy Beumers, Leon van de Weem, Rachelle Wintjens and Cindy Wings, as well as the remaining researchers involved in the SocialRobot Project.
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Appendix A: User questionnaires (English version)
Appendix A: User questionnaires (English version)
Social robot questionnaire
(to be handed out after a user interacts with the robot)
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(1)
Please let us know your role (senior, visitor, caregiver, other): ________
Please, provide below answers from 1 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree).
Usability
-
2.
I believe that the robot is useful. _________
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3.
The robot is easy to use. _________
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4.
I felt very confident using the robot. _________
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5.
I believe that the robot could help me be more effective in carrying out my daily activities. _________
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6.
I believe that the robot could save me time when I use it. _________
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7.
I believe that the robot could meet my needs. _________
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8.
I learned to use the robot quickly. _________
-
9.
The robot is simple to use. _________
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10.
The robot could make me feel more motivated to carry out my daily activities/tasks. _________
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11.
The robot could help me be more active (i.e., participate in more activities, be more socially active). _________
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12.
The robot could help me be more independent / autonomous. _________
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13.
The robot could help to reduce the demand for care from my carergivers. _________
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14.
The robot makes me feel happier than when I am alone. _________
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15.
The robot makes me feel less concerned, worried or preoccupied. _________
Robot appearance and interaction
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16.
Please rate the humanity of the robot. Machine-Like (1) to Human-Like (10). _________
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17.
Please rate the animacy of the robot. Stagnant (1) to Lively (10). _________
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18.
Please rate the likeability of the robot. Unfriendly (1) to Friendly (10). _________
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19.
Please rate the perceived intelligence of the robot. Incompetent (1) to Intelligent (10). _________
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20.
Please rate the perceived safety of the robot. Unsafe (1) to Safe (10). _________
Satisfaction
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21.
I am satisfied with the robot. _________
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22.
I would recommend the robot to a friend. _________
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23.
The robot is fun. _________
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24.
The robot is not invasive. _________
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25.
The robot is respectful of my wishes, preferences, and private data. _________
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26.
The robot performed well during the demonstration. _________
Qualitative questions
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27.
Please name 1 or 2 things that you liked the most about the robot: _________
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28.
Please name 1 or 2 things that you liked the least about the robot: _________
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29.
Please name 1 or 2 things that you would you like to have on the robot, which was not there: _________
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30.
Please name 1 or 2 things that could help you in your daily life, in the current state of the robot: _________
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Portugal, D., Alvito, P., Christodoulou, E. et al. A Study on the Deployment of a Service Robot in an Elderly Care Center. Int J of Soc Robotics 11, 317–341 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0492-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-018-0492-5