Abstract
This paper examines how different types of secondary activities, either offline or online, interact with travellers’ personal, travel, and spatial characteristics associated with the number of engaged secondary activities and commuters’ travel experience during a morning commute while using bus services of Trans Bandung Raya (TBR). By focusing on workers and students as productive groups of society and data collection in 2016, the results of this study found that activities with a high degree of attention and continuity in engagement will lead to a deactivation of other secondary activities during travel. While workers tend to deactivate other activities when they engage with social media or do online and offline socialising, students tend to have more active attention and continuity in engagements when they do online activities, particularly listening to music, engaging in social media, and playing games. Students in Indonesia tend to activate another secondary activities when they study on the bus such as reading a book or studying online using their gadgets. On the other hand, workers tend to undertake more activities while listening to music. Some results opposed with results from Europe and the US that collected the data in 2008–2012. In 2008–2012, the penetration effect might not be as massive as in 2016 and the types of online activites might not be as diverse as in 2016 which may make the results in Europe and the US different from this study. Different contexts among France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Indonesia may let the results differ as well. In order to shift some potential travellers to use TBR, operators can promote the possibility of TBR as a platform to enhance workers’ travel experiences for working purposes and workers’ and students’ travel experiences for online socialising. However, TBR providers can alter travellers not to perform too many secondary activities during morning commutes in order to avoid people’s neutral experience. Providing more comfort space or facilities in the TBR might increase activities continuity during the trip, create relaxing conditions, and distract intense activity engagement.
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Source: Prayudyanto et al. (2016) based on data from the Provincial Government of West Java, Indonesia
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Acknowledgements
This paper employed data from a project entitled Greater Bandung Area Bus Transit Satisfaction Survey in 2016. Data was obtained as a part of the Sustainable Urban Transport Improvement Project (SUTIP) in Ministry of National Development Planning Indonesia, which was funded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Federal Republic of Germany. The authors thank all parties who have participated in data collection and specifically to Muhammad Nanang Prayudyanto as a senior advisor of the survey. All statements and interpretations in this study are the authors’ responsibility and only reflect the authors’ view. This study is also supported by The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia under the research grant with a Decision Number 3/E/KPT/2018 and Young Lecturer Research Grant from Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung.
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Conceptualisation: MR, TBJ; methodology: MR, TBJ, DBD, PFB; data collection: MR; first draft: MR writing-review and editing: DBD, TBJ, PFB; formal analysis: MR; supervision and validation: TBJ, DBD, PFB; investigation: MR, DBD, TBJ, PFB; funding: MR, TBJ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Rizki, M., Joewono, T.B., Dharmowijoyo, D.B.E. et al. Does multitasking improve the travel experience of public transport users? Investigating the activities during commuter travels in the Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. Public Transp 13, 429–454 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-021-00263-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-021-00263-3