Abstract
The problem of routing in ad hoc networks, in particular proactive routing, has attracted the attention of many researchers. Although the protocols proposed in the literature present some relevant characteristics, they also have their limitations, especially in terms of high number of mobile nodes or in terms of high number of load-dependent parameters of the ad hoc network which are often chosen intuitively by a seasoned expert. This paper describes our work to solve this difficult task using a multi-objective genetic algorithm to automate the selection process of the routing protocol parameters. The realized experiments showed the effectiveness of the proposed NGSA-II-OLSR compared to the original OLSR. In case of low node mobility, the proposed NSGA-II-OLSR improves the PLR between 8.59 and 33.17%; the E2ED between 18.17 and 27.56%; and the NRL between 35.18 and 36.60%. While in case of high mobility node, it improves the PLR between 3.47 and 9.94%; the E2ED between 1.47 and 9.40%; and the NRL between 0.14 and 2.34%. In addition, the algorithm can adapt the ad hoc network to each topology change which makes it adaptive to any environment changing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abolhasan M, Wysocki T, Dutkiewicz E (2004) A review of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. ad hoc Netw 2(1):1–22
Abraham A, Jain R, Thomas J, Han SY (2007) D-SCIDS: distributed soft computing intrusion detection system. J Netw Comput Appl 30(1):81–98
Alba E, Dorronsoro B, Luna F, Nebro AJ, Bouvry P, Hogie L (2007) A cellular multi-objective genetic algorithm for optimal broadcasting strategy in metropolitan MANETs. Comput Commun 30(4):685–697
Al-Dhief FT, Sabri N, Salim MS, Fouad S, Aljunid SA (2018) MANET routing protocols evaluation: AODV, DSR and DSDV perspective. MATEC Web Conf 150(2):e06024. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815006024
Al-Ghazal M, El-Sayed A, Kelash H (2007) Routing Optimlzation using Genetic Algorithm in ad hoc Networks. IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology 497–503. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4458010/
Ali S, Munir A, Qaisar SB, Qadir J (2012) A genetic algorithm Assisted resource management scheme for reliable multimedia delivery over cognitive networks. In: Murgante B et al (eds) Computational science and its applications. Springer, Berlin, pp 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31137-6_27
Al-Kharasani NM, Zulkarnain ZA, Subramaniam S, ZHanapi ZM (2018) An efficient framework model for optimizing routing performance in VANETs. Sensors 18(2):597. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/597/pdf
Araujo JNR, De Castro Monteiro C, De Souza Batista L (2017) Multicriteria QoS-aware Solution in Wireless Multi-hop Networks. The Thirteenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications 17–23. https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=icwmc_2017_1_40_20046
Asokan R (2010) A review of quality of service (QoS) routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Int Conf Wirel Commun Sensor Comput. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICWCSC.2010.5415903
Badia L, Botta A, Lenzini L (2009) A genetic approach to joint routing and link scheduling for wireless mesh networks. ad hoc Netw 7(4):654–664
Bandi A, Chandrashekhar BN (2015) Parameters tuning of OLSR routing protocol with metaheuristic algorithm for VANET. IEEE Int Adv Comput Conf. https://doi.org/10.1109/IADCC.2015.7154894
Bhattacharjee S, Konar A, Nagar AK (2011) Channel allocation for a single cell cognitive radio network using genetic algorithm. Innov Mob Internet Serv Ubiquitous Comput. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMIS.2011.64
Boukerche A, Turgut B, Aydin N, Ahmad MZ, Bölöni L, Turgut D (2011) Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: a survey. Comput Netw 55(13):3032–3080
Boussaïd I, Lepagnot J, Siarry P (2013) A survey on optimization metaheuristics. Inf Sci 237:82–117
Chen L, Heinzelman WB (2007) A survey of routing protocols that support QoS in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Netw 21(6):30–38. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4395108/
Cheng HT, Zhuang W (2009) Novel packet-level resource allocation with effective QoS provisioning for wireless mesh networks. IEEE T Wirel Commun 8(2):694–700. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4786431/
Cheng H, Yang S, Cao J (2013) Dynamic genetic algorithms for the dynamic load balanced clustering problem in mobile ad hoc networks. Expert Syst Appl 40(4):1381–1392
Clausen T, Jacquet P (2003) Optimized link state routing (OLSR) RFC 3626. IETF Networking Group. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3626
Corson S, Macker J (1999) Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations. Internet Draft. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt
Das SK, Banerjee N, Roy A (2006) Solving optimization problems in wireless networks using genetic algorithms. Handbook of Bioinspired Algorithms and Applications 219. In: Olariu S, Zomaya AY (eds) Handbook of bioinspired algorithms and applications. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 219–234. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781420035063
Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T (2002) A fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE T Evolut Comput 6(2):182–197. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/996017/
Dorigo M, Stützle T (2004) Ant colony optimization. MIT Press, Cambridge. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/ant-colony-optimization
Du X (2006) Adaptive cell-relay routing protocol. IEEE T Veh Technol 55(1):278–285. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1583935/
Dube R (1997) Signal stability-based adaptive routing routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks. IEEE Pers Commun 4(1):36–45. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/575990/
Eid M, Artail H, Kayssi A, Chehab A (2004) An Adaptive Intrusion Detection and Defense System Based on Mobile Agents. Innovations in Information Technologies 6(2):145–157
El Defrawy K, Tsudik G (2011) ALARM: anonymous location-aided routing in suspicious MANETs. IEEE T Mob Comput 10(9):1345–1358. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5677545/
Elizarraras O, Panduro M, Méndez AL, Reyna A (2014) MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using a genetic algorithm. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/670190
Fuhrmann T (2005) Scalable routing for networked sensors and actuators. IEEE Commun Soc Conf Sensor ad hoc Commun Netw. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1557079/
García-Nieto J, Alba E (2010) Automatic parameter tuning with metaheuristics of the AODV routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks. In: Di Chio C et al (eds) Applications of evolutionary computation. Springer, Berlin, pp 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12242-2_3
Gautami R, Sedamkar RR, Patil H (2016) Application of hybrid meta heuristic algorithm for OLSR protocol optimization in VANET. Int J Curr Eng Technol 6(3):755–759. http://inpressco.com/application-of-hybrid-meta-heuristic-algorithm-for-olsr-protocol-optimization-in-vanet/
Geem ZW, Kim JH, Loganathan GV (2001) A new heuristic optimization algorithm: harmony search. Simulation 76(1):60–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/003754970107600201
Giri AK, Lobiyal DK, Katti CP (2015a) Optimization of value of parameters in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing using teaching-learning based optimization. Procedia Comput Sci 57:1332–1341
Giri AK, Lobiyal DK, Katti CP (2015b) Optimization of value of parameters in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing using magnetic optimization algorithm. Int J Comput Netw Inf Secur 12:19–27. http://www.mecs-press.net/ijcnis/ijcnis-v7-n12/IJCNIS-V7-N12-3.pdf
Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Boston. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=534133
Gomez C, Garcıa D, Paradells J (2005) Improving performance of a real ad hoc network by tuning OLSR parameters. IEEE Sym Comput Commun 16–21. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1493701/
Gözüpek D, Alagöz F (2011) Genetic algorithm-based scheduling in cognitive radio networks under interference temperature constraints. Int J Commun Sys 24(2):239–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.1152
Gunasekar M, Hinduja SJ (2014) Automatic tuning Of OLSR routing protocol using IWD in VANET. Int J Inn Res Comput Commun Eng 2(1):3455–3461. http://www.rroij.com/peer-reviewed/automatic-tuning-of-olsr-routing-protocolusing-iwd-in-vanet-50956.html
Gupta P, Kohli AS (2016) Optimizing OLSR protocol for VANET. J Technol Manage Res 6(2):23–32. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de63/34ab036609ae69e6f4eb4b4a104f15fe781f.pdf
Haas Z, Pearlman M, Samar P (2002) Zone routing protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks. Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-04
Harrag N, Refoufi A, Harrag A (2017) Neighbor Discovery using Novel DE-based Adaptive Hello Messaging Scheme Improving OLSR Routing Protocol Performances. The 6th International Conference on Systems and Control 262–266. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7958731/
Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. MIT Press, Cambridge. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/adaptation-natural-and-artificial-systems
Houssaini ZS, Zaimi I, Oumsis M, Ouatik SEA (2017) Comparative study of routing protocols performance for vehicular Ad-hoc networks. Int J Appl Eng Res 12(13):3867–3878. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer17/ijaerv12n13_43.pdf
Ilyas M (2003) The handbook of ad hoc wireless networks. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://www.crcpress.com/The-Handbook-of-Ad-Hoc-Wireless-Networks/Ilyas/p/book/9780849313325
Internet Engineering Task Force (2016) MANET mobile ad hoc working group. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-manet/
Joa-Ng M, Lu IT (1999) A peer-to-peer zone-based two-level Link state routing for mobile Adhoc networks. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 17(8):1415–1425. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/779923/
Johnson DB, Maltz DA, Hu Y, Jetcheva JG (2002) The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (DSR). Routing in Mobile ad hoc Networks. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-07.txt
Kandavanam G, Botvich D, Balasubramaniam S, Jennings B (2010) A hybrid genetic algorithm/variable neighborhood search approach to maximizing residual bandwidth of links for route planning. In: Collet P, Monmarché N, Legrand P, Schoenauer M, Lutton E (eds) Artifical evolution. Springer, Berlin, pp 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14156-0_5
Karaboga D (2005) An idea based on honeybee swarm for numerical optimization. Technical Report, Erciyes University, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.1.1.714.4934
Kennedy J, Eberhart RC, Shi Y (2001) Swarm intelligence. Academic Press. London. https://www.elsevier.com/books/swarm-intelligence/eberhart/978-1-55860-595-4
Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt CD, Vecchi MP (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220(4598):671–680. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/220/4598/671
Kong FS, Cui BB (2017) Performance evaluation of AODV, DSR and DSDV in mobile ad-hoc network using NS-2. The 4th Annual International Conference on Information Technology and Applications 12:e04007. https://www.itm-conferences.org/articles/itmconf/abs/2017/04/itm conf _ita2017_04007/itmconf_ita2017_04007.html
Kumar GV, Reddyr YV, Nagendra M (2010) Current research work on routing protocols for MANET: a literature survey. Int J Comput Sci Eng 2(3):706–713. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?. https://doi.org/10.1.1.302.9700&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Kumar GS, Kaliappan M, Jerart Julus L (2012) Enhancing the performance of MANET Using EESCP. IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering 225–230. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6208348/
Kusyk J, Sahin CS, Uyar MU, Urrea E, Gundry S (2011) Self-organization of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks using evolutionary games and genetic algorithms. J Adv Res 2(3):253–264. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123211000464
Lafta HA, Al-Salih AMMS (2014) Efficient routing protocol in the mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) by using genetic algorithm (GA). J Comput Eng 16(1):47–54. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7983/c8a2604b01b47156cc0691982389c762f913.pdf
Lin D, Labeau F (2012) Accelerated genetic algorithm for bandwidth allocation in view of emi for wireless health care. Conf Wirel Commun Netw 3312–3317. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6214380/
Lobiyala DK, Kattia CP, Giri AK (2015) Parameter value optimization of Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing using particle swarm optimization. Procedia Comput Sci 46:151–158
Lopez RB, Sanchez SM, Fernandez EM, Souza RD, Alves H (2014) Genetic algorithm aided transmit power control in cognitive radio networks. International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications 61–66. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6849663/
Lorenzo B, Glisic S (2013) Optimal routing and traffic scheduling for multihop cellular networks using genetic algorithm. IEEE T Mobile Comput 12(11):2274–2288. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6319304/
Lu T, Zhu J (2013) Genetic algorithm for energy-efficient QoS multicast routing. Commun Lett 17(1):31–34. http://pgembeddedsystems.com/securelogin/upload/project/IEEE/34/PG2013NS20003/03.pdf
Macker JP, Corson S (2004) Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET): routing technology for dynamic wireless networking. In: Basagni S, Conti M, Giordano S, Stojmenovic I (eds) Mobile ad hoc networking. IEEE Press and Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471656895.ch9
Mahajan V, Natu M, Sethi A (2008) Analysis of wormhole intrusion attacks in manets. IEEE Military Commun Conf. https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2008.4753176
Merkel S, Becker CW, Schmeck H (2012) Firefly-inspired synchronization for energy-efficient distance estimation in mobile Ad-hoc networks. Perform Comput Commun Conf. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6407753/
Mohapatra P, Krishnamurthy SV (2005) ad hoc networks technologies and protocols. Springer. https://www.springer.com/la/book/9780387226897
Mohapatra P, Li J, Gui C (2003) QoS in mobile ad hoc networks. University of California, IEEE Wirel Commun 10:44–52. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2003.1209595
Montana D, Redi J (2005) Optimizing parameters of a mobile ad hoc network protocol with a genetic algorithm. Conf Genet Evolut Comput. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1068342
Naik L, Khan RU, Mishra RB (2018) Comparative performance analysis on revised MANET routing protocols. Int J Appl Eng Res 13(5):2443–2451. https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer18/ijaerv13n5_45.pdf
Nan GF, Li MQ, Li J (2007) Estimation of node localization with a real-coded genetic algorithm in wsns. Int Conf Mach Learn Cybern 2:873–878. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4370265/
Ogier RG, Templin FL, Bellur B, Lewis MG (2002) Topology broadcast based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) draft. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietfmanet-tbrpf-06.txt
Park V, Corson S (2000) Temporally-ordered routing algorithm (TORA) version 1 functional specification. internet draft, internet engineering task force. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-tora-spec-03.txt
Parpinelli RS, Lopes HS (2011) New inspirations in swarm intelligence: a survey. Bioinspir Comput 3:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIC.2011.038700
Perez-Perez R, Luque C, Cervantes A, Isasi P (2007) Multiobjective algorithms to optimize broadcasting parameters in mobile Ad-hoc networks. IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 3142–3149. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4424873/
Perkins C, Bhagwat P (1994) Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications 234–244. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=190336
Perkins C, Royer EM, Das SR (2003) ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV). Internet RFC 3561, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3561.html
Prusty AS, Nayak S, Kumar A (2017) Multi-objective optimality in energy efficient routing for heterogeneous wireless ad hoc sensor network with clustering. Intell Decis Technol 11(1):61–70. https://content.iospress.com/articles/intelligent-decision-technologies/idt277
Royer EM (1999) A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. IEEE Pers Commun 46–55. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/760423/
Sisodia RS, Manoj BS, Siva Ram Murthy C (2002) A preferred link-based routing protocol for ad hoc wireless networks. J Commun Netw 4(1):14–21. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6596928/
Su W, Gerla M (1999) IPV6 Flow Handoff in ad hoc Wireless Networks Using Mobility Prediction. IEEE GLOBECOM 271–275. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/831647/
The Network Simulator Project Ns-2 (2011). http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
Toh CK (1997) Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks. Wirel Pers Commun J Spec Issue Mob Netw Comput Syst 4(2):103–139. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008812928561
Tomforde S, Hoffmann M, Bernard Y, Klejnowski L, Hahner J (2009) POWEA: a system for automated network protocol parameter optimisation using evolutionary algorithms. Informatik 3177–3192. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6def/1210529ea54a61827250ba709126b824bee7.pdf
Toutouh J, Alba E (2012a) Multi-objective OLSR optimization for VANETs. Second International workshop on Vehicular communications and networking. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2012.6379133
Toutouh J, Alba E (2012b) Green OLSR in VANETs with Differential Evolution. The 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation 11–18. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2330787
Toutouh J, Alba E (2015) Metaheuristics for energy-efficient data routing in vehicular networks. Int J Metaheuristics 4(1):27–56. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2827752
Toutouh J, Alba E (2017) Parallel multi-objective metaheuristics for smart communications in vehicular networks. Soft Comput—Fusion Found Methodol Appl Arch 21(8):1949–1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-015-1891-2
Toutouh J, Garcia-Nieto J, Alba E (2012) Intelligent OLSR routing protocol optimization for VANETs. IEEE T Veh Technol 61(4):1884–1894. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6166905/
Toutouh J, Mesmachnow S, Alba E (2013) Fast energy-aware OLSR routing in VANETs by means of a parallel evolutionary algorithm. J Clus Comput Arch 16(3):435–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-012-0208-9
Varaprasad G, Dhanalakshmi S, Rajaram M (2009) New security algorithm for mobile adhoc networks using zonal routing protocol. UBICC J. http://www.ubicc.org/files/pdf/278-New%20Security%20Algorithm%20For%20MANET%20Using%20Zonal%20Routing%20Protoco_278.pdf
Xiao-Yan W, Yang L (2013) Routing optimizing algorithm of mobile ad-Hoc network based on genetic algorithm. Adv Intell Sys Comput 181:1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31698-2_169
Yang XS (2009) Firefly algorithms for multimodal optimization, Symposium on stochastic algorithms, foundations and applications. Lecture Notes Comput Sci 5792:169–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04944-6_14
Yang S, Cheng H, Wang F (2010) Genetic algorithms with immigrants and memory schemes for dynamic shortest path routing problems in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE T Sys Man Cyber Part C: Appl Rev 40(1):52–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04944-6_14
Yun S, Lee J, Chung W, Kim E, Kim S (2009) A soft computing approach to localization in wireless sensor networks. Expert Sys Appl 36(4):7552–7561
Zeng F, Chen Z (2008) Load balancing placement of gateways in wireless mesh networks with QoS constraints. International Conference in Young Computer Scientists 445–450. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4709014/
Zukarnain ZA, Al-Kharasani NM, Subramaniam SK, Hanapi ZM (2014) Optimal configuration for urban VANETs routing using particle swarm optimization. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science 1–6. https://worldconferences.net/proceedings/aics2014/PAPER%20AICS/A000%20%20Keynote%20Paper%20-%20Optimal%20Configuration%20For%20Urban%20VANETs%20Routing%20Using%20Particle%20Swarm%20Ooptimization%20.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Harrag, N., Refoufi, A. & Harrag, A. New NSGA-II-based OLSR self-organized routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 10, 1339–1359 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0947-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0947-4