Abstract
Due to rapid changes in topology and high mobility of vehicles, routing in vehicular ad hoc networks needs special mechanisms. Due to these features, traditional routing protocols that are mainly developed for mobile ad hoc networks do not function well in these type of networks. To improve the efficiency of data routing, geographical routing method has been proposed by the researchers that use geographical information of nodes in the routing process. But this method relies only on the geographical information of network nodes and usually uses a greedy idea that may not perform well in some network situations. The main objective of this paper is to propose a hybrid routing protocol based on both geographical and topological information in Vehicular ad hoc networks and selecting the optimal route for data transmission. In the proposed protocol, based on the parameters like moving speed, link lifetime, the number of vehicles present in the vicinity of the node and distance to the destination node, a weight value is assigned to each network node. In this method, if the weight of a neighbor node is higher than that of the source node, geographical routing is used and otherwise, topology-based routing method will be used. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol due to the use of geographical and topological information, has improved packet loss rate, throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio compared to LSGO, GpsrJ+ and GyTAR routing protocols.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel O, Otrok H, Mourad A (2013) VANET QoS-OLSR: QoS-based clustering protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Comput Commun 36(13):1422–1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2013.07.003
Bachir A, Benslimane A (2003) A multicast protocol in ad hoc networks inter-vehicle geocast. IEEE Semiannu Veh Technol Conf 4:2456–2460. https://doi.org/10.1109/VETECS.2003.1208832
Beijar N (2004) Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). Networking Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Cai X, He Y, Zhao C, Zhu L, Li C (2014) LSGO: link state aware geographic opportunistic routing protocol for VANETs. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2014(1):96
Darwish T, Bakar KA (2016) Lightweight intersection-based traffic aware routing in urban vehicular networks. Comput Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2016.04.008
Goel N, Dhyani I, Sharma G (2017) An acute position based VANET routing protocol. In: Proceedings of 2016 international conference on micro-electronics and telecommunication engineering, ICMETE 2016, pp 139–144. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICMETE.2016.109
Gong J, Xu C, Holle J (2007). Predictive directional greedy routing in vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of 27th international conference on distributed computing systems workshops, Toronto
Jabraeil Jamali MA, Sani Y (2011) Adaptive peer to peer resource discovery in grid computing based on reinforcement learning adaptive peer to peer resource discovery in grid computing based on reinforcement learning. http://doi.org/10.1109/SNPD.2011.42
Jacquet P, Muhlethaler P (2001) Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks. In: IEEE INMIC, pp 62–68. http://doi.org/10.1109/INMIC.2001.995315
Jerbi M, Meraihi R, Senouci S-M, Ghamri-Doudane Y (2006) GyTAR: improved greedy traffic aware routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. In: VANET—proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on vehicular ad hoc networks, vol 2006, pp 88–89. http://doi.org/10.1145/1161064.1161080
Johnson DB, Maltz DA (1996) Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile computing. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 153–181
Karp B, Kung H (2000) GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. In: ACM MobiCom (MobiCom), pp 243–254. http://doi.org/10.1145/345910.345953
Krishnan VG, Ram NS (2018) Analyze traffic forecast for decentralized multi agent system using I-ACO routing algorithm. J Ambient Intell Hum Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0981-2
Lai JCC, Zhu HCR (2014) An energy-efficient geographic routing protocol design in vehicular ad-hoc network. Computing 96(2):119–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-012-0235-7
Lee KC, Häerri J, Lee U, Gerla M (2007) Enhanced perimeter routing for geographic forwarding protocols in urban vehicular scenarios. In: GLOBECOM—IEEE global telecommunications conference. http://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2007.4437832
Li C, Wang L, He Y, Zhao C, Lin H, Zhu L (2014) A link state aware geographic routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2014(1):176
Lin D, Kang J, Squicciarini A, Wu Y, Gurung S, Tonguz O (2016) MoZo: a moving zone based routing protocol using pure V2V communication in VANETs. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 16(5):1357–1370. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2016.2592915
Lochert C, Hartenstein H, Tian J, Fussler H, Hermann D, Mauve M (2003) A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. In: Proceedings of 2003 intelligent vehicles symposium. IEEE, pp 156–161. http://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2003.1212901
Muhammad S, Bernardos CJ, Guerrero C (2013) Position-based routing in vehicular networks: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 36(2):685–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2012.12.023
Oubbati OS, Lagraa N et al (2014) Irtiv: intelligent routing protocol using real time traffic information in urban vehicular environment. In: IEEE 6th international conference on new technologies, mobility and security (NTMS), pp 1–4
Park V, Corson M (1997) A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. In: Annual joint conference of the IEEE, pp 1405–1413. http://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.1997.631180
Perkins CE (1999) Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. Igarss 2014(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Ram A, Mishra MK (2017) Density aware position based routing (DAPBR) protocol for VANET. In: Proceedings of 2016 6th international symposium on embedded computing and system design, ISED 2016, pp 142–146. http://doi.org/10.1109/ISED.2016.7977071
Royer EM, Perkins CE (1999) Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. In: Proceedings of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM'99, Seattle, WA, pp 207–218
Shafiee K, Leung VCM (2011) Connectivity-aware minimum-delay geographic routing with vehicle tracking in VANETs. Ad Hoc Netw 9(2):131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.06.003
Sharef BT, Alsaqour RA, Ismail M (2013) Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.09.008
Shelly S, Babu AV (2017) Link residual lifetime-based next hop selection scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks. J Wirel Commun Netw 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-017-0810-x
Song T, Xia W, Song T, Shen L (2010) A cluster-based directional routing protocol in VANET. In: International conference on communication technology proceedings, ICCT, pp 1172–1175. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCT.2010.5689132
Wang SS, Lin YS (2013) PassCAR: a passive clustering aided routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Comput Commun 36(2):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2012.08.013
Wu C, Yoshinaga T, Bayar D, Ji Y (2018) Learning for adaptive anycast in vehicular delay tolerant networks. J Ambient Intell Hum Comput 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0819-y
Zhang X, Cao X, Yan L, Sung DK (2016a) A street-centric opportunistic routing protocol based on link correlation for urban VANETs. IEEE Trans Mib Comput 15(7):1586–1599
Zhang X, Yan L, Li W (2016b) Efficient and reliable abiding geocast based on carrier sets for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Wirel Commun Lett 2337(c):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2016.2613528
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arianmehr, S., Jabraeil Jamali, M.A. HybTGR: a hybrid routing protocol based on topological and geographical information in vehicular ad hoc networks. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 11, 1683–1695 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01332-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01332-z