Abstract
Verifying image authentication is necessary when images support evidence for essential purposes such as law enforcement and forensic investigation. The self-embedding fragile watermarking method is a powerful technique for confirming exact content authentication and restoration. This paper proposes the integer wavelet transform(IWT) based watermarking approach for accurate authentication and restoration. Here, watermark bits are calculated from each block of \(2\times 2\) pixels. The authentication bits are inserted into the block’s three LSBs, while restoration bits are inserted into the mapping block. Restoration bits are calculated from the five MSBs of the cover image using IWT. In contrast, authentication bits are calculated from secret keys, MSBs and, the location of pixels. The experimental outcomes prove that the PSNR and NCC of the reconstructed image in the suggested scheme are significantly high analyzed with the existing methods.
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Singh, D., Udmale, S.S. & Singh, S.K. Integer wavelet transform based an effective fragile watermarking scheme for exact authentication and restoration. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 14, 4841–4852 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-022-04369-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-022-04369-9