Abstract
This article considers bilevel linear programming problems where random fuzzy variables are contained in objective functions and constraints. In order to construct a new optimization criterion under fuzziness and randomness, the concept of value at risk and possibility theory are incorporated. The purpose of the proposed decision making model is to optimize possibility-based values at risk. It is shown that the original bilevel programming problems involving random fuzzy variables are transformed into deterministic problems. The characteristic of the proposed model is that the corresponding Stackelberg problem is exactly solved by using nonlinear bilevel programming techniques under some convexity properties. A simple numerical example is provided to show the applicability of the proposed methodology to real-world hierarchical problems.



Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Stackelberg H (1952) The theory of market economy. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Bracken J, McGill J (1973) Mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints. Oper Res 21:37–44
Bracken J, McGill J (1974) Defense applications of mathematical programs with optimization problems in the constraints. Oper Res 22:1086–1096
Bracken J, McGill J (1978) Production and marketing decisions with multiple objectives in a competitive environment. J Optim Theory Appl 24:449–458
Candler W, Norton R (1977) Multilevel programming. Technical Report, vol 20. World Bank Development Research Center, Washington, DC
Sherali HD, Soyster AL, Murphy FH (1983) Stackelberg–Nash–Cournot equilibria: characterizations and computations. Oper Res 31:253–276
Ackere AV (1993) The principal/agent paradigm: characterizations and computations. Eur J Oper Res 70:83–103
Migdalas A (1995) Bilevel programming in traffic planning: models, methods and challenge. J Global Optim 7:381–405
Cote J-P, Marcotte P, Savard G (2003) A bilevel modeling approach to pricing and fare optimization in the airline industry. J Revenue Pricing Manag 2:23–36
Kara BY, Verter V (2004) Designing a road network for hazardous materials transportation. Transp Sci 38:188–196
Nicholls MG (1996) The applications of non-linear bi-level programming to the aluminum industry. J Global Optim 8:245–261
Amouzegar MA, Moshirvaziri K (1999) Determining optimal pollution control policies: an application of bilevel programming. Eur J Oper Res 119:100–120
Dempe S, Bard JF (2001) Bundle trust-region algorithm for bilinear bilevel programming. J Optim Theory Appl 110:265–288
Fampa M, Barroso LA, Candal D, Simonetti L (2008) Bilevel optimization applied to strategic pricing in competitive electricity markets. Comput Optim Appl 39:121–142
Karlof JK, Wang W (1996) Bilevel programming applied to the flow shop scheduling problem. Comput Oper Res 23:443–451
Roghanian E, Sadjadi SJ, Aryanezhad MB (2007) A probabilistic bi-level linear multi-objective programming problem to supply chain planning. Appl Math Comput 188:786–800
Miller T, Friesz T, Tobin R (1992) Heuristic algorithms for delivered price spatially competitive network facility location problems. Ann Oper Res 34:177–202
Uno T, Katagiri H (2008) Single- and multi-objective defensive location problems on a network. Eur J Oper Res 188:76–84
Uno T, Katagiri H, Kato K (2008) An evolutionary multi-agent based search method for Stackelberg solutions of bilevel facility location problems. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control 4:1033–1042
Uno T, Katagiri K, Kato K (2011) A multi-dimensionalization of competitive facility location problems. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control 7:2593–2601
Birge JR, Louveaux F (2011) Introduction to stochastic programming. Springer, New York
Dantzig GB (1955) Linear programming under uncertainty. Manag Sci 1:197–206
Infanger G (eds) (2011) Stochastic programming. Springer, New York
Patriksson M, Wynter L (1997) Stochastic nonlinear bilevel programming. Technical report. PRISM, Universite de Versailles-SaintQuentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
Ozaltin OY, Prokopyev OA, Schaefer AJ (2010) The bilevel knapsack problem with stochastic right-hand sides. Oper Res Lett 38:328–333
Kalashnikov VV, Perez-Valdes GA, Tomasgard A, Kalashnykova NI (2010) Natural gas cash-out problem: bilevel stochastic optimization approach. Eur J Oper Res 206:18–33
Kosuch S, Bodic PL (2011) On a stochastic bilevel programming problem. Networks 59:107–116
Zadeh LA (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8:338–353
C. Kahraman (Eds.), (2008) Fuzzy multi-criteria decision making. Springer, New York
Lodwick WA, Kacprizyk J (eds) (2010) Fuzzy optimization. Springer, Berlin
Tsuda H, Saito S (2010) Application of fuzzy theory to the investment decision process. In: Lodwick WA, Kacprzyk J (eds) Fuzzy optimization. Springer, Berlin, pp 365–387
Verdegay J-L (2003) Fuzzy sets based heuristics for optimization. Springer, Berlin
Yano H (2009) Interactive decision making for multiobjective programming problems with fuzzy domination structures. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control 5:4867–4875
Zimmermann H-J (1985) Applications of fuzzy sets theory to mathematical programming. Inf Sci 36:29–58
Dempe S, Starostina T (2007) On the solution of fuzzy bilevel programming. Working Paper. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Liu B (2004) Uncertainty theory. Springer, Berlin
Luhandjula MK (1996) Fuzziness and randomness in an optimization framework. Fuzzy Sets Syst 77:291–297
Luhandjula MK (2006) Fuzzy stochastic linear programming: survey and future research directions. Eur J Oper Res 174:1353–1367
Luhandjula MK, Joubert JW (2010) On some optimisation models in a fuzzy-stochastic environment. Eur J Oper Res 207:1433–1441
Luhandjula MK, Gupta MM (1996) On fuzzy stochastic optimization. Fuzzy Sets Syst 81:47–55
Zadeh LA (1968) Probability measures of fuzzy events. J Math Anal Appl 23:421–427
Hirota K (1981) Concepts of probabilistic sets. Fuzzy Sets Syst 5:31–46
Buckley JJ (2006) Fuzzy probability and statistics. Springer, Berlin
Kato K, Sakawa M, Katagiri H, Wasada K (2004) An interactive fuzzy satisficing method based on a probability maximization model for multiobjective linear programming problems involving random variable coefficients. Electron Commun Jpn Part 3 87:67–76
Kato K, Katagiri H, Sakawa M, Wang J (2006) Interactive fuzzy programming based on a probability maximization model for two-level stochastic linear programming problems. Electron Commun Jpn Part 3 89:33–42
Katagiri H, Sakawa M (2011) Interactive multiobjective fuzzy random programming through the level set-based probability model. Inf Sci 181:1641–1650
Katagiri H, Sakawa M, Ishii H (2005) Studies of stochastic programming models using possibility and necessity measures for linear programming problems with fuzzy random variable coefficients. Electron Commun Jpn Part 3 88:68–75
Katagiri H, Sakawa M, Kato K, Ohsaki S (2005) An interactive fuzzy satisficing method based on the fractile optimization model using possibility and necessity measures for a fuzzy random multiobjective linear programming problem. Electron Commun Jpn Part 3 88:20–28
Katagiri H, Sakawa M, Kato K, Nishizaki I (2004) A fuzzy random multiobjective 0–1 programming based on the expectation optimization model using possibility and necessity measures. Math Comput Model 40:411–421
Katagiri H, Sakawa M, Kato K, Nishizaki I (2008) Interactive multiobjective fuzzy random linear programming: maximization of possibility and probability. Eur J Oper Res 188:530–539
Kwakernaak H (1978) Fuzzy random variables—I. Definitions and theorems. Inf Sci 15:1–29
Puri ML, Ralescu DA (1986) Fuzzy random variables. J Math Anal Appl 114:409–422
Wang GY, Qiao Z (1993) Linear programming with fuzzy random variable coefficients. Fuzzy Sets Syst 57:295–311
Liu B (2002) Random fuzzy dependent-chance programming and its hybrid intelligent algorithm. Inf Sci 141:259–271
Katagiri H, Ishii H, Sakawa M (2002) Linear programming problems with random fuzzy variable coefficients. In: Proceedings of 5th Czech–Japan seminar on data analysis and decision making under uncertainty, vol 1, pp 55–58
Hasuike T, Katagiri K, Ishii H (2009) Portfolio selection problems with random fuzzy variable returns. Fuzzy Sets Syst 160:2579–2596
Huang X (2007) Optimal project selection with random fuzzy parameters. Int J Prod Econ 106:513–522
Wen M, Iwamura K (2008) Facility location–allocation problem in random fuzzy environment: Using \((\alpha, \beta )\)-cost minimization model under the Hurewicz criterion. Comput Math Appl 55:704–713
Katagiri H, Niwa K, Kubo D, Hasuike T (2010) Interactive random fuzzy two-level programming through possibility-based fractile criterion optimality. In: Proceedings of the international multiConference of engineers and computer scientists 2010, vol 3, pp 2113–2118
Dubois D, Prade H (2001) Possibility theory, probability theory and multiple-valued logics: a clarification. Ann Math Artif Intell 32:35–66
Zadeh LA (1978) Fuzzy sets as the basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets Syst 1:3–28
Jorion PH (1996) Value at risk: a new benchmark for measuring derivatives risk. Irwin Professional Publishers, New York
Pritsker M (1997) Evaluating value at risk methodologies. J Financial Serv Res 12:201–242
Kataoka S (1963) A stochastic programming model. Econometrica 31:181–196
Geoffrion AM (1967) Stochastic programming with aspiration or fractile criteria. Manag Sci 13:672–679
Nahmias S (1978) Fuzzy variables. Fuzzy Sets Syst 1:97–110
Loridan P, Morgan J (1996) Weak via strong Stackelberg problem: new results. J Global Optim 8:263–287
Gümüs ZH, Floudas CA (2001) Global optimization of nonlinear bilevel programming problems. J Global Optim 20:1–31
Savard G, Gauvin J (1994) The steepest descent direction for the nonlinear bilevel programming problem. Oper Res Lett 15:265–272
Edmunds TA, Bard JF (1991) Algorithms for nonlinear bilevel mathematical programs. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 21:83–89
Falk JE, Liu J (1995) On bilevel programming, Part I : general nonlinear cases. Math Program 70:47–72
Colson B, Marcotte P, Savard G (2005) A trust-region method for nonlinear bilevel programming: algorithm and computational experience. Comput Optim Appl 30:211–227
Colson BP, Marcotte P, Savard G (2007) An overview of bilevel optimization. Ann Oper Res 153:235–256
Dempe S (2003) Annotated bibliography on bilevel programming and mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Optimization 52:333–359
Vicente LN, Calamai PH (1994) Bilevel and multilevel programming: a bibliography review. J Global Optim 5:291–306
Kupiec PH (1998) Stress testing in a value at risk framework. J Deriv 6:7–24
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katagiri, H., Uno, T., Kato, K. et al. Random fuzzy bilevel linear programming through possibility-based value at risk model. Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber. 5, 211–224 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-012-0126-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-012-0126-4