Abstract
Smart grid has been an active research area in recent years because almost all the technologies required to build smart grid are mature enough. It is expected that not only can smart grid reduce electricity consumption, but it can also provide a more reliable and versatile service than the traditional power grid can. Although the infrastructure of smart grid all over the world is far from complete yet, there is no doubt that our daily life will benefit a lot from smart grid. Hence, many researches are aimed to point out the challenges and needs of future smart grid. The question is, how do we use the massive data captured by smart meters to provide services that are as “smart” as possible instead of just automatically reading information from the meters. This paper begins with a discussion of the smart grid before we move on to the basic computational awareness for smart grid. A brief review of data mining and machine learning technologies for smart grid, which are often used for computational awareness, is then given to further explain their potentials. Finally, challenges, potentials, open issues, and future trends of smart grid are addressed.





Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Notes
The smart meter system usually includes smart meter, communication infrastructure, and control devices.
References
Talebi M, Way T (2009) Methods, metrics and motivation for a green computer science program. In: Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp 362–366
von Schirnding Y, Mulholland C (2002) Health in the context of sustainable development. In: World Health Organization Meeting: Planning the Health Agenda for the WSSD, Oslo, Norway. WHO, Geneva
Wackernagel M, Schulz NB, Deumling D, Linares AC, Jenkins M, Kapos V, Monfreda C, Loh J, Myers N, Norgaard R, Randers J (2002) Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(14):9266–9271
Postel S (1994) Carrying capacity: Earth’s bottom line. Challenge 37:4–12
Fanara A (2007) Report to congress on server and data center efficiency. Public Law 109-431, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ENERGY STAR Program
Gustafsson A, Gyllenswärd M (2005) The power-aware cord: energy awareness through ambient information display. In: Proceedings of the CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp 1423–1426
Aggarwal A, Kunta S, Verma P (2010) A proposed communications infrastructure for the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, pp 1–5
Massoud Amin S, Wollenberg B (2005) Toward a smart grid: power delivery for the 21st century. IEEE Power Energy Mag 3(5):34–41
Cunjiang Y, Huaxun Z, Lei Z (2012) Architecture design for smart grid. Energy Procedia 17(Part B):1524–1528
Depuru SSSR, Wang L, Devabhaktuni V (2011) Smart meters for power grid: challenges, issues, advantages and status. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(6):2736–2742
Hassan R, Radman G (2010) Survey on smart grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon, pp 210–213
Parikh P, Kanabar M, Sidhu T (2010) Opportunities and challenges of wireless communication technologies for smart grid applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp 1–7
Gao J, Xiao Y, Liu J, Liang W, Chen CP (2012) A survey of communication/networking in smart grids. Future Gener Comput Syst 28(2):391–404
National Institute of Standards and Technology (2013) NIST framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, release 2.0. http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/framework-022812.cfm. Accessed 8 Jan 2013
European Standards Organisations (2013) Smart grid, ftp://ftp.cencenelec.eu/EN/News/PR/PR-2012-04.pdf. Accessed 8 Jan 2013
Moslehi K, Kumar R (2010) A reliability perspective of the smart grid. Smart Transm Grid: Vis Framew 1(1):57–64
Li F, Qiao W, Sun H, Wan H, Wang J, Xia Y, Xu Z, Zhang P (2010) Smart transmission grid: vision and framework. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1(2):168–177
Google Maps (2013) “Smart metering projects map. http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=utf8&oe=utf8&msa=0&msid=115519311058367534348.0000011362ac6d7d21187. Accessed 8 Jan 2013
Kok K, Karnouskos S, Nestle D, Dimeas A, Weidlich A, Warmer C, Strauss P, Buchholz B, Drenkard S, Hatziargyriou N, Lioliou V (2009) Smart houses for a smart grid. In: Proceedings of the International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution—Part 1, pp 1–4
Galli S, Scaglione A, Wang Z (2011) For the grid and through the grid: the role of power line communications in the smart grid. Proc IEEE 99(6):998–1027
Vyatkin V, Zhabelova G, Higgins N, Schwarz K, Nair N-KC (2010) Towards intelligent smart grid devices with IEC 61850 interoperability and IEC 61499 open control architecture. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, pp 1–8
Mohsenian-Rad A-H, Wong V, Jatskevich J, Schober R (2010) Optimal and autonomous incentive-based energy consumption scheduling algorithm for smart grid. In: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, pp 1–6
Rahimi F, Ipakchi A (2010) Demand response as a market resource under the smart grid paradigm. Smart Transm Grid Vis Framew 1(1):82–88
Wang W, Xu Y, Khanna M (2011) A survey on the communication architectures in smart grid. Comput Netw 55:3604–3629
Saputro N, Akkaya K, Uludag S (2012) A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications. Comput Netw 56(11):2742–2771
Cecati C, Mokryani G, Piccolo A, Siano P (2010) An overview on the smart grid concept. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp 3322–3327
Hasan M, Farahmand F, Jue J (2010) Energy-awareness in dynamic traffic grooming. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Optical Fiber Communication, Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pp 1–3
Abowd GD, Dey AK, Brown PJ, Davies N, Smith M, Steggles P (1999) Towards a better understanding of context and context-awareness. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, pp 304–307
Song S, Moustafa H, Afifi H (2012) A survey on personalized TV and NGN services through context-awareness. ACM Comput Surv 44(14):1–418
Boldrini C, Conti M, Passarella A (2008) Context and resource awareness in opportunistic network data dissemination. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, pp 1–6
Gaber MM, Yu PS (2006) A framework for resource-aware knowledge discovery in data streams: a holistic approach with its application to clustering. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Röhm U, Gaber MM, Tse Q (2007) Enabling resource-awareness for in-network data processing in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Australasian Database, vol 75, pp 107–114
Ostrand T, Weyuker E, Bell R (2005) Locating where faults will be (software testing). In: Proceedings of the Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference, pp 48–50
Qureshi A, Ramzan M, Zaidi S (2010) Fault aware routing algorithm to enhance network resiliency & achieve load balancing in hybrid wireless optical broadband access network. In: Proceedings of the High-Capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies, pp 252–257
Devanur NR, Fortnow L (2009) A computational theory of awareness and decision making. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Rationality and Knowledge, pp 99–107
Gullo F, Ponti G, Tagarelli A, liritano S, Ruffolo M, Labate D (2009) Low-voltage electricity customer profiling based on load data clustering. In: Proceedings of the International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium, pp 330–333
Kim Y-I, Kang S-J, Ko J-M, Choi S-H (2011) A study for clustering method to generate typical load profiles for smart grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia, pp 1102–1109
Flath C, Nicolay D, Conte T, Dinther C, Filipova-Neumann L (2012) Cluster analysis of smart metering data. Bus Inf Syst Eng 4:31–39
Molina-Markham A, Shenoy P, Fu K, Cecchet E, Irwin D (2010) Private memoirs of a smart meter. In: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Building, pp 61–66
Bergman D, Jin D, Juen J, Tanaka N, Gunter C, Wright A (2011) Distributed non-intrusive load monitoring. In: Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, pp 1–8
Kalogridis G, Efthymiou C, Denic S, Lewis T, Cepeda R (2010) Privacy for smart meters: towards undetectable appliance load signatures. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, pp 232–237
Lines J, Bagnall A, Caiger-Smith P, Anderson S (2011) Classification of household devices by electricity usage profiles. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, pp 403–412
Erol-Kantarci M, Mouftah H (2010) Prediction-based charging of PHEVs from the smart grid with dynamic pricing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp 1032–1039
Chen F, Dai J, Wang B, Sahu S, Naphade M, Lu C-T (2011) Activity analysis based on low sample rate smart meters. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 240–248
Ranganathan R, Qiu R, Hu Z, Hou S, Pazos-Revilla M, Zheng G, Chen Z, Guo N (2011) Cognitive radio for smart grid: theory, algorithms, and security. Bus Inf Syst Eng 2011:1–14
De Silva D, Yu X, Alahakoon D, Holmes G (2011) Incremental pattern characterization learning and forecasting for electricity consumption using smart meters. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp 807–812
Chen C, Xu T, Piao Z, Yuan Y (2009) Power quality disturbances classification based on multi-class classification SVM. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System, vol 1, pp 290–294
Cepeda J, Colome D, Castrillon N (2011) Dynamic vulnerability assessment due to transient instability based on data mining analysis for smart grid applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies
Ranganathan P, Nygard K (2011) Smart grid data analytics for decision support. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference
Hu G-S, Xie J, Zhu F-F (2005) Classification of power quality disturbances using wavelet and fuzzy support vector machines. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol 7, pp 3981–3984
Miller P (2010) The smart swarm: how understanding flocks schools and colonies can make us better at communicating decision making and getting things done. Avery Publishing Group Inc., Wayne
Huang Y, Brocco A, Kuonen P, Courant M, Hirsbrunner B (2008) Smartgrid: a fully decentralized grid scheduling framework supported by swarm intelligence. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing, pp 160–168
Linda O, Manic M, Vollmer T (2012) Improving cyber-security of smart grid systems via anomaly detection and linguistic domain knowledge. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Resilient Control Systems, pp 48–54
Ramos C, Liu C-C (2011) AI in power systems and energy markets. IEEE Intell Syst 26(2):5–8
Awad A, German R (2012) Self-organizing smart grid services. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, pp 205–210
Fereidunian A, Zamani M, Boroomand F, Jamalabadi H, Lesani H, Lucas C, Shariat-Torbaghan S, Meydani M (2010) AAHES: a hybrid expert system realization of adaptive autonomy for smart grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, pp 1–7
Wong J, Vargas A, Chadha K, Devdas A, Lin C, Kuyee J (2010) Integrated design and implementation of toronto’s smart distribution grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, pp 455–460
Cho HS, Yamazaki T, Hahn M (2010) AERO: extraction of user’s activities from electric power consumption data. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 58(3):2011–2018
Saini MK, Kapoor R (2012) Classification of power quality events a review. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 43(1):11–19
Simonov M, Zich R, Mussetta M (2011) Information processing in smart grids and consumption dynamics. In: Soro A, Vargiu E, Armano G, Paddeu G (eds) Information retrieval and mining in distributed environments, vol 324. Springer, Berlin, pp 267–286
Su W, Eichi H, Zeng W, Chow M-Y (2012) A survey on the electrification of transportation in a smart grid environment. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 8(1):1–10
Belkacemi R, Feliachi A, Choudhry M, Saymansky J (2011) Multi-agent systems hardware development and deployment for smart grid control applications. In: Proceedings of the Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp 1–8
Saxena D, Singh S, Verma K (2010) Application of computational intelligence in emerging power systems. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2(3):1–7
Ma Y, Zhou L, Tse N, Osman A, Lai L (2009) An initial study on computational intelligence for smart grid. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics vol 6, pp 3425–3429
Singh A, Dagli C (2009) Multi-objective stochastic heuristic methodology for tradespace exploration of a network centric system of systems. In: Proceedings of the Systems Conference, pp 218–223
Holland O, Attar A, Olaziregi N, Sattari N, Aghvami A (2006) A universal resource awareness channel for cognitive radio. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
Jakubowski M, Pastuszak G (2007) Multi-path adaptive computation-aware search strategy for block-based motion estimation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer as a Tool, pp 175–81
Zhu J, Zhuang E, Ivanov C, Yao Z (2011) A data-driven approach to interactive visualization of power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 26(4):2539–2546
Bank J, Omitaomu O, Fernandez S, Liu Y (2009) Visualization and classification of power system frequency data streams. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp 650–655
Curry E (2012) System of Systems Information Interoperability using a Linked Dataspace. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, pp 101–106
Bou Ghosh S, Ranganathan P, Salem S, Tang J, Loegering D, Nygard K (2010) Agent-oriented designs for a self healing smart grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, pp 461–466
Venayagamoorthy G (2009) Potentials and promises of computational intelligence for smart grids. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, pp 1–6
He H (2010) Toward a smart grid: integration of computational intelligence into power grid. In: The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1–6
Fayyad UM, Piatetsky-Shapiro G, Smyth P (1996) From data mining to knowledge discovery in databases. AI Mag 17(3):37–54
Liu B (2007) Web data mining: exploring hyperlinks, contents, and usage data. Springer, Berlin
Han J (2005) Data mining: concepts and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco
Tsai C-W, Liao M-Y, Yang C-S, Chiang M-C (2011) Classification algorithms for interactive multimedia services: a review. In: Multimedia Tools and Applications, pp 1–29
Jain AK, Murty MN, Flynn PJ (1999) Data clustering: a review. ACM Comput Surv 31(3):264–323
Xu R, II DW (2005) Survey of clustering algorithms. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 16(3):645–678
Liu B (2007) Web data mining: exploring hyperlinks, contents, and usage. Data data-centric systems and applications. Springer, Berlin
Steinbach M, Karypis G, Kumar V (2000) A comparison of document clustering techniques. In: Proceedings of the KDD Workshop on Text Mining, pp 1–2
De Silva D, Yu X, Alahakoon D, Holmes G (2011) Semi-supervised classification of characterized patterns for demand forecasting using smart electricity meters. In: International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, pp 1–6
Reeves, CR (eds) (1993) Modern heuristic techniques for combinatorial problems. Wiley, New York
Glover, F, Kochenberger, GA (eds) (1993) Handbook of metaheuristics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Blum C, Roli A (2003) Metaheuristics in combinatorial optimization: overview and conceptual comparison. ACM Comput Surv 35(3):268–308
Michalewicz Z (1996) Genetic algorithms + data structures = evolution programs. Springer, Berlin
Engelbrecht AP (2007) Computational intelligence: an introduction. Wiley, New York
Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt CD, Vecchi MP (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Sci Agric 220(4598):671–680
Černý V (1982) A thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: an efficient simulation algorithm. Technical Reports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
Glover F (1989) Tabu search—part I.. ORSA J Comput 1(3):190–206
Glover F (1990) Tabu search—part II.. ORSA J Comput 2(1):4–32
Glover F, Laguna M (1997) Tabu search. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control, and artificial intelligence. University of Michigan Press
Dorigo M, Maniezzo V, Colorni A (1996) The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B 26(1):29–41
Dorigo M, Gambardella LM (1997) Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1(1):53–66
Dorigo M, Stützle T (2004) Ant colony optimization (Bradford books). MIT Press, Cambridge
Kennedy J, Eberhart RC (1995) Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, pp 1942–1948
Shi Y, Eberhart RC (1998) Parameter selection in particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Programming VII, (London, UK). Springer, London, pp 591–600
Clerc M, Kennedy J (2002) The particle swarm—explosion, stability, and convergence in a multidimensional complex space. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 6(1):58–73
Engelbrecht AP (2006) Fundamentals of computational swarm intelligence. Wiley, New York
Harley R, Liang J (2011) Computational intelligence in smart grids. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium Searies on Computational Intelligence
Jiang Z (2009) Computational intelligence techniques for a smart electric grid of the future. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Networks, vol 5551, pp 1191–1201
Werbos P (2011) Computational intelligence for the smart grid-history, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Comput Intell Mag 6(3):14–21
Venayagamoorthy G (2011) Dynamic, stochastic, computational and scalable technologies for smart grids. IEEE Comput Intell Mag 6(3):22–35
Gungor V, Sahin D, Kocak T, Ergut S, Buccella C, Cecati C, Hancke G (2012) Smart grid and smart homes: key players and pilot projects. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 6(4):18–34
Welch R, Venayagamoorthy G (2006) Comparison of two optimal control strategies for a grid independent photovoltaic system. In: Proceedings of the Industry Applications Conference, vol 3, pp 1120–1127
Welch R, Venayagamoorthy G (2007) A fuzzy-PSO based controller for a grid independent photovoltaic system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, pp 227–233
Vale Z, Morais H, Khodr H, Canizes B, Soares J (2010) Technical and economic resources management in smart grids using heuristic optimization methods. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp 1–7
Tanaka K, Uchida K, Ogimi K, Goya T, Yona A, Senjy T, Funabashi T, Kim C-H (2011) Optimal operation by controllable loads based on smart grid topology considering insolation forecasted error. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2(3):438–444
Caputo D, Grimaccia F, Mussetta M, Zich R (2010) Photovoltaic plants predictive model by means of ann trained by a hybrid evolutionary algorithm. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp 1–6
Lee J, Park G-L, Kwak H-Y, Jeon H (2011) Design of an energy consumption scheduler based on genetic algorithms in the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence: Technologies and Applications, vol 1, pp 438–447
Pedrasa M, Spooner T, MacGill I (2010) Coordinated scheduling of residential distributed energy resources to optimize smart home energy services. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1(2):134–143
Wang Z, Yang R, Wang L (2010) Multi-agent control system with intelligent optimization for smart and energy-efficient buildings. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp 1144–1149
Pathak AK, Chatterji S, Narkhedec MS (2012) Artificial intelligence based optimization algorithm for demand response management of residential load in smart grid. Int J Eng Innov Technol 2(4):136–141
Jain A, Jain M (2013) Fuzzy modeling and similarity based short term load forecasting using swarm intelligence-a step towards smart grid. In: Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and Applications, vol 202, pp 15–27
Sousa T, Morais H, Vale Z, Faria P, Soares J (2012) Intelligent energy resource management considering vehicle-to-grid: a simulated annealing approach. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):535–542
Saber AY, Venayagamoorthy GK (2010) Intelligent unit commitment with vehicle-to-grid—a cost-emission optimization. J Power Sources 195(3):898–911
Su W, Chow M-Y (2011) Performance evaluation of a PHEV parking station using particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp 1–6
Su W, Chow M-Y (2012) Performance evaluation of an eda-based large-scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging algorithm. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):308–315
Church C, Morsi WG, El-Hawary ME, Diduch CP, Chang LC (2011) Voltage collapse detection using ant colony optimization for smart grid applications. Electr Power Syst Res 81(8):1723–1730
Gonzalez FG (2013) An intelligent controller for the smart grid. Procedia Comput Sci 16:776–785
Alipuria B, Asare-Bediako B, Groot RJWD, Sarker J, Slootweg J, Kling W (2012) Incorporating solar home systems for smart grid applications. In: Proceedings of the Universities Power Engineering Conference, pp 1–6
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on the paper. This work was supported in part by the National Science Council of Taiwan, ROC, under Contracts NSC101-2221-E-041-012, NSC102-2219-E-006-001, and NSC99-2221-E-110-052 and in part by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, ROC, under Contract D102-23015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsai, CW., Pelov, A., Chiang, MC. et al. Computational awareness for smart grid: a review. Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber. 5, 151–163 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-013-0185-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-013-0185-1