Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Visual reasoning for discoveries

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In our previous research we investigated the structure of the Primary Language of the human brain as introduced by J. von Neumann in 1957. Two components have been investigated, the algorithm optimizing warfighting, Linguistic Geometry (LG), and the algorithm for inventing new algorithms, the Algorithm of Discovery. The ultimate goal of this research and the emphasis of this paper is to make the next step to understanding the Algorithm of Discovery. Our results, introduced in the recent papers, show that this algorithm is based on multiple thought experiments which manifest themselves via mental visual streams (“mental movies”). It appears that those streams are the only interface available for this brain phenomenon. The visual streams can run concurrently and can exchange information between each other. The streams may initiate additional thought experiments, program them, and execute them in due course. Our research reveals the role of analogy in constructing visual model by erasing the particulars of simple examples, utilizing this model as a reference for constructing the new visual object and a symbolic shell attached to this object in the form of symbolic tags. This paper investigates new hypotheses related to the structure of visual streams of the Algorithm of Discovery. They include the nested streams, the programmed experiments, the visual model, the construction set and the Ghost play. These hypotheses are tested on the thought experiments for development of two algorithms in LG: functions next and med for the Grammars of Shortest and Admissible Trajectories and the No-Search Approach based on the State Space Chart. While those algorithms were partly investigated in our earlier papers this paper goes much deeper, i.e., closer to revealing the nature of the Algorithm of Discovery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alexander R, Tinkle D (1968) A comparative review: on aggression and the territorial imperative. Bioscience 18:245–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Armitage A (1951) The World of Copernicus (Sun, Stand Thou Still), A Mentor Book. The New American Library, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bigelow R (1969) The Dawn Warriors: Man’s Evolution Toward Piece, 1st edn. Little Brown, Boston, p 277

    Google Scholar 

  4. Botvinnik M (1970) Chess, Computers, and Long-Range Planning. Springer-Verlag, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Botvinnik M (1984) Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems. Springer-Verlag, New York

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Bohr N (1913) On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Philosophical Magazine, 26: 1–25, 476–502, 857–875

  7. Brown J (2011) The Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, 2nd Edition, Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group, New York

    Google Scholar 

  8. Darwin C (1891) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (2nd Edition). Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  9. Davis P, Hersh R, Marchisotto E (2003) The Mathematical Experience, Birkhauser, 3d Printing of Study Edition

  10. Deheaene S (2007) A Few Steps Toward a Science of Mental Life. Mind, Brain and Education 1(1):28–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Deheaene S (2009), Edge In Paris, talk at the reality club: Signatures of Consciousness, at http://edge.org/3rd_culture/dehaene09/dehaene09_index.html

  12. Einstein. A ether and the theory of relativity, an address delivered on May 5th, 1920, in the University of Leyden, www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/Ether.html

  13. Einstein A (1991) Autobiographical Notes. Open Court, La Salle

    Google Scholar 

  14. Evolutionary Perspectives on War: An Interdisciplinary Conf., Report, by B. Holms, New Scientist, Nov. 12, 2008

  15. Evolutionary Perspectives on War: An Interdisciplinary Conf., Conf. Abstracts, University of Oregon, Oct. 2008

  16. Frith C (2007) Making up the Mind: How the Brain Creates Our Mental World. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gleick J (1992) Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Goodall J, Berman P (1999) Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey. Warner Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hadamard J (1996) The Mathematician’s Mind: The Psychology of Invention in the Methematical Field. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kosslyn S, Thompson W, Kim I, Alpert N (1995) Representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature 378:496–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Kott (2004) (ed), Advanced technology concepts for command and control, Xlibris Corporation

  22. Kott A, McEneaney W (2007) (editors), Adversarial reasoning: computational approaches to reading the opponent’s mind, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL

  23. Linguistic Geometry Tools: LG-PACKAGE, with Demo DVD, 60 pp., STILMAN Advanced Strategies, 2010. This brochure and 8 recorded demonstrations are also available at www.stilman-strategies.com

  24. Miller A (1996) Insights of Genius: Imagery and Creativity in Science and Art, Copernicus, an imprint of Springer-Verlag, NewYork

  25. Nasar S (2001) A Beautiful Mind. Touchstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nersessian N(2009) Conceptual Change: Creativity, Cognition, and Culture, in the book: Meheus J, Nicles T (eds), Models of Discovery and Creativity, Springer, pp. 127–166

  27. Pais A (1982) Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Pitt R (1978) Warfare and Hominid Brain Evolution. J Theor Biol 72:551–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Stilman B (1975) Formation of the Set of Trajectory Bundles, Appendix 1 to the book: On the Cybernetic Goal of Games, by Botvinnik, M. M., Soviet Radio, Moscow (in Russian), pp. 70–77

  30. Stilman B (1993) A formal language for hierarchical systems control. Int J Lang Des 1(4):333–356

    Google Scholar 

  31. Stilman B (1993) A linguistic approach to geometric reasoning. Int J Comput Math Appl 26(7):29–58

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Stilman B (1993) Network languages for complex systems. Int J Comput Math Appl 26(8):51–80

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Stilman B (1994) Linguistic geometry for control systems design. Int J Comput Appl 1(2):89–110

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Stilman B (1994) Translations of network languages. Int J Comput Math Appl 27(2):65–98

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Stilman B (1996) Linguistic Geometry Tools Generate Optimal Solutions, In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Conceptual Structures—ICCS’96, Aug. 19–22 Sydney, Australia pp 75–99

  36. Stilman B (1997) Managing Search Complexity in Linguistic Geometry, IEEE Trans. on Syst., Man, and. Cybernetics 27(6):978–998

    Google Scholar 

  37. Stilman B (1997) Network languages for concurrent multi-agent systems. Intl J Comput Math Appl 34(1):103–136

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Stilman B (2000) Linguistic Geometry: From Search to Construction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, (now Springer), p 416

    Book  Google Scholar 

  39. Stilman B (2011) Linguistic Geometry and Evolution of Intelligence, ISAST Trans. on Computers and Intelligent Systems. 3(2):23–37

  40. Stilman B (2011) Thought experiments in linguistic geometry, In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on advanced cognitive technologies and applications—COGNITIVE’2011 Sep. 25–30, Rome, Italy, pp. 77–83

  41. Stilman B (2012) Discovering the Discovery of Linguistic Geometry. Int J Machine Learning and Cybernetics, accepted for publication

  42. Stilman B (2012) Discovering the Discovery of the No-Search Approach. Int J Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Springer p. 27. doi: 10.1007/s13042-012-0127-3

  43. Stilman B (2012) Discovering the discovery of the hierarchy of formal languages, Int J Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Springer p. 25. doi: 10.1007/s13042-012-0146-0

  44. Stilman B, Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2000) Winning strategies for robotic wars: defense applications of linguistic geometry. Artif Life Robot 4(3):148-155

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stilman B, Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2002) Knowledge Acquisition and Strategy Generation with LG Wargaming Tools. Int J Comp Intell Appl 2(4):385–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Stilman, B. Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2007) Chap 3.3. Strategies in Large Scale Problems, in [27] pp. 251–285

  47. Stilman B, Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2010) Linguistic geometry: the age of maturity. J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inf 14(6):684–699

    Google Scholar 

  48. Stilman B, Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2010) Revisiting History with Linguistic Geometry, ISAST Trans on Computers and Intelligent Systems 2(2): 22–38

  49. Stilman B, Yakhnis V, Umanskiy O (2011) The primary language of ancient battles. Int J Mach Learn Cybern 2(3):157–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ulam S (1976) Adventures of a Mathematician. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  51. Von Neumann J (1958) The Computer and the Brain. Yale U Press, London

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Watson J (1998) The Double Helix. Scribner Classics, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA

    Boris Stilman

  2. STILMAN Advanced Strategies, Denver, CO, USA

    Boris Stilman

Authors
  1. Boris Stilman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boris Stilman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stilman, B. Visual reasoning for discoveries. Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber. 6, 227–251 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-013-0189-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13042-013-0189-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation