Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed an explosion in the growth of social media networks, powered by the proliferation of handheld smart devices with high processing capabilities and a plethora of sensors including high-resolution cameras. A key component of information exchange in such networks, accounting for the majority of network traffic, is video. Currently, the de facto video coding standard in use is H.264/AVC which was sufficient in addressing the challenges posed by HD more than a decade ago, but is less than efficient in the new era of 4K smart device cameras and 8K TV screens. Given that newer standards exist and are capable of achieving higher compression rates at the same quality compared to H.264/AVC, we envision that within the next few years, the related industry will shift toward one of the newer video coding standards. For a social media network, such a transition poses manifold challenges, one of them being the need to transcode previous content in the newly adopted standard. In this paper, we illustrate a framework for performing such transition in a smooth manner. The framework, algorithms and strategies developed are applicable, perhaps with minor changes, regardless of the targeted standard for adoption. We detail on framework components through simulation experiments, using as a yardstick the adoption of high efficiency video coding. Results demonstrate that depending on the targeted social platform, different strategies should be applied, while the cost and benefits of the paradigm shift may vary significantly.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
References
Aaron A, Li Z, Manohara M, De Cock J, Ronca D (2015) Per Title Encode-Optimization. Netflix Tech blog, 14 Dec. http://techblog.netflix.com/2015/12/per-title-encode-optimization.html
Ahmad I, Wei X, Sun Y, Zhang Y-Q (2005) Video transcoding: an overview of various techniques and research issues. IEEE Trans Multimed 7(5):793–804
Ahn Y-J, Hwang T-J, Sim D-G, Han W-J (2014) Implementation of Fast HEVC Encoder Based on SIMD and Data-Level Parallelism. EURASIP J Image Video Proces, vol. 16. Springer
Alliance for Open Media. http://aomedia.org
Akramullah SM, Ahmad I, Liou ML (1995) A data-parallel approach for real-time MPEG-2 video encoding. J Parallel Distrib Comput 30(2):129–146
Bossen F, Bross B, Sühring K, Flynn D (2012) HEVC complexity and implementation analysis. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1685–1696
Boyce JM, Ye Y, Chen J, Ramasubramonian AK (2015) Overview of SHVC: scalable extensions of the high efficiency video coding standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 26(1):20–34
Cha M, Kwak H, Rodriguez P, Ahn Y-Y, Moon SB (2009) Analyzing the video popularity characteristics of large-scale user generated content systems. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 17(5):1357–1370
Chi CC, Mesa MA, Juurlink B, Clare G, Henry F, Pateux S, Schierl T (2012) Parallel scalability and efficiency of HEVC parallelization approaches. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1827–1838
Cisco Systems Inc. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2015–2020 (White Paper), http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_in/innovation/enterprise/assets/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.pdf
CNBC, “How many people will be watching House of Cards?”, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/04/how-many-people-will-be-watching-house-of-cards.html
De Cock J, Mavlankar A, Moorthy A, Aaron A (2016) A large-scale video codec comparison of x264, x265 and libvpx for practical VOD applications. In: SPIE, Applications of digital image processing XXXIX, vol. 9971, 997116. SPIE
Facebook help center, https://www.facebook.com/help/124738474272230
Fiadino P, Casas P, Schiavone M, D’Alconzo A (2015) Online Social Networks Anatomy: On the Analysis of Facebook and WhatsApp in Cellular Networks. In: IFIP Networking 2015, pp 1–9. IEEE
Franche JF, Coulombe S (2015) Fast H.264 to HEVC Transcoder based on Post-Order Traversal of Quadtree Structure. In: 22nd IEEE International conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 477–481. IEEE
Gao G, Zhang W, Wen Y, Wang Z, Zhu W (2015) Towards cost-efficient video transcoding in media cloud: insights learned from user viewing patterns. IEEE Trans. Multimed 17(8):1286–1296
Grois D, Marpe D, Mulayoff A, Itzhaky B, Hadar O (2013) Performance comparison of H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9, and H.264/MPEG-AVC encoders. In: 30th Picture coding symposium (PCS), pp 394–397. IEEE
Haralabopoulos G, Anagnostopoulos I (2014) On the Information Diffusion Between Web-Based Social Networks. In: WISE Workshops 2014, pp 14–26. Springer
Haralabopoulos G, Anagnostopoulos I, Zeadally S (2015) Lifespan and propagation of information in On-Line Social Networks: A Case Study Based on Reddit. J Netw Comput Appl 56:88–100
HM 16.7 reference software, http://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de
Huang Y-S, Chieu B-C (2016) A video decoding optimization for heterogeneous dual-core platforms architecture. Multimed Tools Appl 75(1):627–646
JVET-JEM software. https://jvet.hhi.fraunhofer.de/
Koivula A, Viitanen M, Vanne J, Hämäläinen TD, Fasnacht L (2015) Parallelization of Kvazaar HEVC Intra Encoder for Multi-Core Processors. In: IEEE Workshop signal processing systems (SiPS), pp 1–6. IEEE
Koziri MG, Zacharis D, Katsavounidis I, Bellas N (2011) Implementation of the AVS video decoder on a heterogeneous dual-core SIMD processor. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 57(2):673–681
Koziri MG, Papadopoulos P, Tziritas N, Dadaliaris AN, Loukopoulos T, Stamoulis GI (2016) A Framework for Scheduling the Encoding of Multiple Smart User Videos. In: 11th International workshop on semantic and social media adaptation and personalization (SMAP), pp 29–34. IEEE
Koziri MG, Papadopoulos P, Tziritas N, Dadaliaris AN, Loukopoulos T, Khan SU (2016) Slice-based parallelization in HEVC encoding: realizing the potential through efficient load balancing. In: 18th IEEE International workshop on multimedia signal processing (MMSP), pp 1–6. IEEE
Li H, Wang H, Liu J, Xu K (2013) Video Requests from Online Social Networks: Characterization, Analysis and Generation. In: INFOCOM 2013, pp 50–54, IEEE
List of Movies and TV Shows on Netflix, https://www.allflicks.net/
Lu P, Sun Q, Wu K, Zhu Z (2015) Distributed online hybrid cloud management for profit-driven multimedia cloud computing. IEEE Trans Multimed 17(8):1297–1308
Miranda, LCO Santos RLT, Laender AHF (2013) Characterizing Video Access Patterns in Mainstream Media Portals. In: 23rd International World Wide Web Conference (WWW Companion Volume), pp 1085–1092. ACM
Misra KM, Segall CA, Horowitz M, Xu S, Fuldseth A, Zhou M (2013) An overview of tiles in HEVC. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process 7(6):969–977
Monteiro E, Vizzotto BB, Diniz CM, Maule M, Zatt B, Bampi S (2014) Parallelization of full search motion estimation algorithm for parallel and distributed platforms. Int J Parallel Program 42(2):239–264
Netflix Annual Report, Available at: https://ir.netflix.com/annuals.cfm
Piñol P, Gomis HM, Granado OML, Malumbres MP (2015) Slice-based parallel approach for HEVC encoder. J Supercomput 71(5):1882–1892
Pourazad MT, Doutre C, Azimi M, Nasiopoulos P (2012) HEVC: The New Gold Standard for Video Compression: How Does HEVC Compare with H.264/AVC? IEEE Consum Electron Mag 1(3):36–46
Sullivan GJ, Ohm JR, Han WJ, Wiegand T (2012) Overview of the high efficiency video coding standard. Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 22(12):1649–1668
Techcrunch.com. https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/27/facebook-grows/
Tubular Labs Inc., https://tubularlabs.com/leaderboards?type=overall&platform=facebook
Wang X, Song L, Chen M, Yang J-J (2013) Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multi-Core CPU plus GPU Platform. In: 20th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp 1836–1839. IEEE
Wiegand T, Sullivan GJ, Bjøntegaard G, Luthra A (2003) Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(7):560–576
Statistic Brain Research Institute. YouTube Statistics. http://www.statisticbrain.com/youtube-statistics/
x265 HEVC encoder. Available at: http://x265.org
Yan C, Zhang Y, Dai F, Li L (2013) Highly Parallel Framework for HEVC Motion Estimation on Many-Core Platform. In: 23rd Data compression conference (DCC), pp 63–72. IEEE
YouTube, Recommended upload encoding settings. https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171
Zakerinasab MR, Wang M (2015) Dependency-Aware Distributed Video Transcoding in the Cloud. In: 40th IEEE Conference on local computer networks (LCN), pp 245–252. IEEE
Acknowledgements
Nikos Tziritas’ work was supported by NSFC and PIFI International Scholarship under the Grants 61550110250 and 2017VCT0001, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koziri, M., Papadopoulos, P.K., Tziritas, N. et al. On planning the adoption of new video standards in social media networks: a general framework and its application to HEVC. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min. 7, 32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-017-0450-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-017-0450-5