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Analysis and experimental evaluation of image-based PUFs

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Abstract

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) arebecoming popular tools for various applications, such as anti-counterfeiting schemes. The security of a PUF-based system relies on the properties of its underlying PUF. Usually, evaluating PUF properties is not simple as it involves assessing a physical phenomenon. A recent work (Armknecht et al. in A formalization of the security features of physical functions. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 397–412, 2011) proposed a generic security framework of physical functions allowing a sound analysis of security properties of PUFs. In this paper, we specialize this generic framework to model a system based on a particular category of PUFs called image-based PUFs. These PUFs are based on random visual features of the physical objects. The model enables a systematic design of the system ingredients and allows for concrete evaluation of its security properties, namely and physical unclonability which are required by anti-counterfeiting systems. As a practical , the components of the model are instantiated by Laser-Written PUF, White Light Interferometry evaluation, two binary image hashing procedures namely, Random Binary Hashing and Gabor Binary Hashing, respectively, and code-offset fuzzy extraction. We experimentally evaluate security properties of this example for both image hashing methods. Our results show that, for this particular example, adaptive image hashing outperforms the non-adaptive one. The experiments also confirm the usefulness of the formalizations provided by Armknecht et al. (A formalization of the security features of physical functions. In: IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 397–412, 2011) to a practical example. In particular, the formalizations provide an asset for evaluating the concrete trade-off between robustness and physical unclonability. To the best of our knowledge, this experimental evaluation of explicit trade-off between robustness and physical unclonability has been performed for the first time in this paper.

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Notes

  1. A mathematical procedure that yields the same challenge-response behavior as the PUF e.g., a fake image.

  2. For detailed description of each component refer to [1].

  3. Note that most PUFs are mathematically clonable when using a fixed challenge.

  4. Off course, the validity of this assumption should still be asserted by the system designer when selecting a specific PUF realization.

  5. Images are represented as vectors, e.g., by concatenating their rows.

  6. This contributes together with the fuzzy extraction to provide the same value for the same PUF and independent values for different PUFs.

  7. The overlap between distributions can be inspected visually or by means of more precise measures e.g., Kullback-Leibler divergence between two distributions.

  8. Roughly speaking, incoherence means that no element of one basis has a sparse representation in terms of the other basis.

  9. Although, according to [37], more precise name for this scheme would be code-offset secure sketch, we prefer to be consistent with more commonly used term in literature.

  10. i.i.d stands for Independent and Identically Distributed random variable.

  11. In absolute value sense.

  12. Whereby the counts are replaced by the normalized counts such that the maximum frequency equals 1.

  13. As parsing all different combinations of parameters is combinatorially complex, we adjust the parameters by experimentally tuning them to get our results.

  14. The reason to select \(M=255\) will be justified later in in this section.

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Acknowledgments

We thank François Koeune and Roel Maes for the helpful remarks. This research work was supported by the Belgian Walloon Region project TRACEA. François-Xavier Standaert and Laurent Jacques are Associate Researchers of the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-F.R.S.). This work has been funded in part by the ERC project 280141 (acronym CRASH).

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  1. ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Saloomeh Shariati, François-Xavier Standaert, Laurent Jacques & Benoit Macq

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  1. Saloomeh Shariati
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Correspondence to Saloomeh Shariati.

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Shariati, S., Standaert, FX., Jacques, L. et al. Analysis and experimental evaluation of image-based PUFs. J Cryptogr Eng 2, 189–206 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13389-012-0041-3

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