Abstract
The human visual system could be used for recognizing and authenticating currency notes. However, the observation powers of our eyes are limited, and it is often difficult for us to recognize genuine currency without any technological assistance. Deep learning techniques have shown to be effective and superior for many applications. They have been particularly successful in surpassing human visual recognition capabilities when big data is employed. Therefore deep learning has been employed to improve the accuracy of currency recognition. After studying the existing currency identification literature, we present a comprehensive overview of currency recognition. We also discuss the critical problem of augmenting the limited amount of data available. Our contributions include summarizing the deep learning approaches such as CNN, SSD, MLP, etc. We also present our attempt to apply deep learning to currency recognition, with the aim of improving the existing recognition accuracy. The paper also describes in brief the potential future directions for research.




Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abdel-Hamid O, Mohamed AR, Jiang H, Penn G (2012) Applying convolutional neural networks concepts to hybrid NN-HMM model for speech recognition. In: IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp 4277–4280
Arbelaez P, Maire M, Fowlkes C, Malik J (2011) Contour detection and hierarchical image segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33(5):898–916
Basu AP, Ebrahimi N (1991) Bayesian approach to life testing and reliability estimation using asymmetric loss function. J Stat Plan Inference 29(1–2):21–31
Bengio Y (2009) Learning deep architectures for AI. Found Trends Mach Learn 2(1):1–127
Bharkad AASS (2013) Survey of currency recognition system using image processing. Int J Comput Eng Res 3(7):126–128
Bobrowski L (1978) Learning processes in multilayer threshold nets. Biol Cybern 31(1):1–6
Chambers J (2013) Digital currency forensics. Masters dissertation, Auckland University of Technology
Ciresan DC, Meier U, Masci J, Maria Gambardella L, Schmidhuber J (2011) Flexible, high performance convolutional neural networks for image classification. IJCAI 22(1):1237
Dai J, Li Y, He K, Sun J (2016) R-fcn: object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 379–387
Debnath KK, Ahmed SU, Shahjahan M, Murase K (2010) A paper currency recognition system using negatively correlated neural network ensemble. J Multimed 5(6):560
Deng L, Li J, Huang JT, Yao K, Yu D, Seide F, Gong Y (2013) Recent advances in deep learning for speech research at Microsoft. In: ICASSP, vol 26, p 64
Deng L, Yu D (2014) Deep learning: methods and applications. Found Trends Signal Process 7(34):197–387
Dollr P, Zitnick CL (2013) Structured forests for fast edge detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 1841–1848
Epshtein B, Ullman S (2005) Feature hierarchies for object classification. In: ICCV 2005. IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp 220–227
Fan Z, Wu JW, Micco FA, Chen MC, Phong KA (2001) U.S. Patent No. 6,181,813. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC
Feng LJ, Bo LS, Long TX (2003) An algorithm of real-time paper currency recognition. J Comput Res Dev 7:1057–1061
Frosini A, Gori M, Priami P (1996) A neural network-based model for paper currency recognition and verification. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 7(6):1482–1490
Garg R, BG, VK, Carneiro G, Reid I (2016) Unsupervised CNN for single view depth estimation: Geometry to the rescue. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 740–756
Gehler P, Nowozin S (2009) On feature combination for multiclass object classification. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 221–228
Gunaratna DAKS, Kodikara ND, Premaratne HL (2008) ANN based currency recognition system using compressed gray scale and application for Sri Lankan currency notes-SLCRec. Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol 35:235–240
Guo H, Gelfand SB (1992) Classification trees with neural network feature extraction. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 3(6):923–933
Huang K, Yan H (1997) Off-line signature verification based on geometric feature extraction and neural network classification. Pattern Recognit 30(1):9–17
Hasanuzzaman FM, Yang X, Tian Y (2011) Robust and effective component-based banknote recognition by SURF features. In: Wireless and optical communications conference (WOCC). IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp 1–6
Hassanpour H, Farahabadi PM (2009) Using hidden Markov models for paper currency recognition. Expert Syst Appl 36(6):10105–10111
Hoo-Chang S, Roth HR, Gao M, Lu L, Xu Z, Nogues I, Summers RM (2016) Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: CNN architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 35(5):1285
Huang W, Qiao Y, Tang X (2014) Robust scene text detection with convolution neural network induced mser trees. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, pp 497–511
Janocha K, Czarnecki WM (2017) On loss functions for deep neural networks in classification. arXiv:1702.05659
Javed O, Shah M (2002) Tracking and object classification for automated surveillance. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Berlin, pp 343–357
Kim Y (2014) Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. arXiv:1408.5882
Ko YH, Kim KJ, Jun CH (2005) A new loss function-based method for multiresponse optimization. J Qual Technol 37(1):50–59
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2012) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1097–1105
Lauer F, Suen CY, Bloch G (2007) A trainable feature extractor for handwritten digit recognition. Pattern Recognit 40(6):1816–1824
Le QV, Ngiam J, Coates A, Lahiri A, Prochnow B, Ng AY (2011) On optimization methods for deep learning. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on international conference on machine learning. Omnipress, Kyoto, Japan, pp 265–272
Liao M, Shi B, Bai X, Wang X, Liu W (2017) TextBoxes: a fast text detector with a single deep neural network. In: AAAI, pp 4161–4167
Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S, Fu CY, Berg AC (2016) Ssd: single shot multibox detector. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, pp 21–37
Li F, Yang Y (2003) A loss function analysis for classification methods in text categorization. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on machine learning (ICML-03), pp 472–479
Masci J, Meier U, Cirean D, Schmidhuber J (2011) Stacked convolutional auto-encoders for hierarchical feature extraction. In: International conference on artificial neural networks. Springer, Berlin, pp 52–59
Merrinboer B, Bahdanau D, Dumoulin V, Serdyuk D, Warde-Farley D, Chorowski J, Bengio Y (2015) Blocks and fuel: frameworks for deep learning. arXiv:1506.00619
Najafabadi MM, Villanustre F, Khoshgoftaar TM, Seliya N, Wald R, Muharemagic E (2015) Deep learning applications and challenges in big data analytics. J Big Data 2(1):1
Ngiam J, Khosla A, Kim M, Nam J, Lee H, Ng AY (2011) Multimodal deep learning. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on machine learning (ICML-11), pp 689–696
Ren Y (2017) Banknote recognition in real time using ANN. Masters dissertation, Auckland University of Technology
Reponen E, Huuskonen P, Mihalic K (2008) Primary and secondary context in mobile video communication. Pers Ubiquitous Comput 12(4):281–288
Rriedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2000) Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting. Ann Stat 38(2):337–374
Sahiner B, Chan HP, Petrick N, Wei D, Helvie MA, Adler DD, Goodsitt MM (1996) Classification of mass and normal breast tissue: a convolution neural network classifier with spatial domain and texture images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 15(5):598–610
Sainath TN, Mohamed AR, Kingsbury B, Ramabhadran B (2013) Deep convolutional neural networks for LVCSR. In: IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), pp 8614–8618
Schmidhuber J (2015) Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Netw 61:85–117
Sermanet P, Eigen D, Zhang X, Mathieu M, Fergus R, LeCun Y (2013) Overfeat: integrated recognition, localization and detection using convolutional networks. arXiv:1312.6229
Shen W, Wang X, Wang Y, Bai X, Zhang Z (2015) Deepcontour: a deep convolutional feature learned by positive-sharing loss for contour detection. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3982–3991
Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2014) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:1409.1556
Song Z, Chen Q, Huang Z, Hua Y, Yan S (2011) Contextualizing object detection and classification. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR). IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp 1585–1592
Sun Y, Wang X, Tang X (2013) Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3476–3483
Sutskever I, Martens J, Dahl G, Hinton G (2013) On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning. In: International conference on machine learning, pp 1139–1147
Takeda F, Omatu S (1995) A neuro-paper currency recognition method using optimized masks by genetic algorithm. In: IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, vol 5, pp 4367–4371
Vedaldi A, Lenc K (2015) Matconvnet: convolutional neural networks for matlab. In: ACM international conference on multimedia. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 689–692
Waibel A (1989) Modular construction of time-delay neural networks for speech recognition. Neural Comput 1(1):39–46
Wen Y, Zhang K, Li Z, Qiao Y (2016) A discriminative feature learning approach for deep face recognition. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, pp 499–515
Witschorik CA (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,131,718. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC
Xu L, Ren JS, Liu C, Jia J (2014) Deep convolutional neural network for image deconvolution. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1790–1798
Yadav BP, Patil CS, Karhe RR, Patil PH (2014) An automatic recognition of fake Indian paper currency note using MATLAB. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 3:560–566
Yeh CY, Su WP, Lee SJ (2011) Employing multiple-kernel support vector machines for counterfeit banknote recognition. Appl Soft Comput 11(1):1439–1447
Yu D, Deng L (2011) Deep learning and its applications to signal and information processing. IEEE Signal Process Mag 28(1):145–154
Zanaty EA (2012) Support vector machines (SVMs) versus multilayer perception (MLP) in data classification. Egypt Inform J 13(3):177–183
Zhang EH, Jiang B, Duan JH, Bian ZZ (2003) Research on paper currency recognition by neural networks. In: International conference on machine learning and cybernetics, vol 4, pp 2193–2197
Zhao R, Ouyang W, Li H, Wang X (2015) Saliency detection by multi-context deep learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1265–1274
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Yan, W.Q. & Kankanhalli, M. Overview of currency recognition using deep learning. J BANK FINANC TECHNOL 3, 59–69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-018-00007-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-018-00007-1