Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization of a Miniature Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Medical Purposes

  • Original Research
  • Published:
SN Computer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the design, simulation, optimization and implementation of a Fractal antenna, genetic algorithm (GA) was chosen for fractal antenna optimization. The fractal antenna considered here was fed by a 1.59 mm diameter coaxial cable, the location of feeding was varied by genetic algorithm (GA). The length and number of sides of the fractal antenna were also changed using the genetic algorithm (GA). Finding a set of settings that would enhance the antenna's performance was the optimization's goal. The parameters considered were return loss (reflection coefficient S11) and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).The GA yielded a design with return loss (S11) of − 27.37 dB and VSWR of 1.11 at 2.4 GHz. The entire antenna dimensions will be approximately (5 cm × 5 cm). The substrate used is FR4 (flame retardant) epoxy. There was strong agreement between the measurements from the antenna’s (fabrication) manufacturing and simulation for the operational frequencies and desirable performance in gain, bandwidth and VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) parameters. The VSWR achieved values was lower than 1.4 for the frequencies used. Additionally, the simulations portray a broad radiation pattern and shows good gain and directivity. The antenna which was fabricated was tested using Anechoic Chamber and network analyser. The antenna which is tested in anechoic chamber was used in wearable health care application due to its small size. At the transmitter side we used temperature and pulse reading sensors to collect physiological information like body temperature and heart rate from the patient, these sensors were connected to Arduino microcontroller then to transmit these physiological information, NRF24L01 trans receiver module along with our fabricated 15th generation GA optimised Fractal antenna was used, which is connected to Arduino microcontroller. At the receiver side we received the physiological information using, NRF24L01 Trans receiver module along with our fabricated 15th generation GA optimised Fractal antenna connected to Arduino microcontroller.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The dataset produced and analyzed in this study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Yang X, Chiochetti J, Papadopoulos D, Susman L. Fractal antenna elements and arrays. Appl Microw Wirel. 1999;5(11):34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kumar C, Pasha MI, Guha D. Defected ground structure integrated microstrip array antenna for improved radiation properties. IEEE Anten Wirel Propag Lett. 2017;16:310–2. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2574638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kerketta SR, Ghosh D. Microwave sensing for human bone health evaluation. AEU Int J Electron Commun. 2020;127:153469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mahapatra S, Mohanty MN. Design of circular patch antenna for wireless communication in K-band. Adv Electron Commun Comput Springer. 2021;709:271–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Mahapatra S, Mohanty MN. Slit-loaded hexagonal patch for body area network applications at 5.8 GHz. Appl Comput Electromagn Soc J. 2021;36(11):1429–37.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mohanty MN, Mahapatra S. Multiband hexagonal patch antenna for high data rate wearable applications. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng. 2022;46(4):925–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Garg R, Bhartia P, Bahl I, Ittipiboon A. Microstrip antenna design handbook. Artech House. 2001.

  8. Jayasinghe JW, Anguera J, Uduwawala DN. A high-directivity microstrip patch antenna design by using genetic algorithm optimization. Prog Electromagn Res C PIER C. 2013;37:131–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Haupt RL, Haupt SE. Practical genetic algorithms. Wiley. 2004.

  10. Johnson JM, Rahmat-Samii Y. Genetic algorithms and method of moments (GA/MOM) for the design of integrated antennas. IEEE Trans Anten Propag. 1999;47(10):1606–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Haupt RL. An introduction to genetic algorithms for electromagnetics. IEEE Anten Propag Mag. 1995;37(2):7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnson JM, Rahmat-Samii Y. Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics. IEEE Anten Propag Mag. 1997;39(4):7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sharma N, Sharma V. A design of microstrip patch antenna using hybrid fractal slot for wideband applications. Ain Shams. Eng J. 2017;1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.05.008 (ISSN 2090-4479).

  14. Khan MU, Sharawi MS, Mittra R. Microstrip patchantenna miniaturisation techniques: a review. IET Microw Anten Propag. 2015;9(9):913–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Taghadosi M, Albasha L, Qaddoumi N, Ali M. Miniaturised printed elliptical nested fractal multiband antenna for energy harvesting applications. IET Microw Anten Propag. 2015;9(10):1045–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Amini A, Oraizi H, Chaychizadeh MA. Miniaturised UWB log-periodic square fractal antenna. IEEE Anten Wirel Propag Lett. 2015;14:1322–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Costanzo S, Venneri F, Di Massa G, Borgia A, Costanzo A, Raffo A. Fractal reflect array antennas: state of art and new opportunities. Int J Anten Propag. 2016;2016:17 (Article ID 7165143).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Rmili H, Oueslati D, Trad IB, Floch JM, Dobaie A, Mittra R. Investigation of a random-fractal antenna based on a natural tree-leaf geometry. Int J Anten Propag. 2017;2017:7 (Article ID 2084835).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Silva Neto VP, D’Assunção AG. Iterative full-wave analysis of Mandelbrot-inspired fractal patch antenna on textile substrate for UWB applications. Int J Anten Propag. 2017;2017:6 (Article ID 4686315).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Satrusallya S, Mohanty MN. Design of optimized microstrip array antenna for wireless communication. In: 2019 International Conferenceon Applied Machine Learning (ICAML), pp. 273–276. 2019.

  21. Orankitanun T, Yaowiwat S. Application of genetic algorithm in tri-band U-slot microstrip antenna design. In: 2020 17th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics Computer Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), pp. 127–130.

  22. El Misilmani HM, Naous T, Al Khatib SK. A review on the design and optimization of antennas using machine learning algorithms and techniques. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2020;30(10):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wu Q, Wang H, Hong W. Double–layer machine learning assisted optimization for antenna sensitivity analysis. In: 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–4.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors express gratitude to BGS Institute of Technology, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India, for their support in facilitating the research through provision of necessary facilities.

Funding

No funding received for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, BGS Institute of Technology, Adichunchanagiri University, Bellur, Karnataka, India

    D. S. Mahesh & K. B. Naveen

Authors
  1. D. S. Mahesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. B. Naveen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This research work owes its realization and significant outcomes to the collaborative efforts of all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. S. Mahesh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

No conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mahesh, D.S., Naveen, K.B. Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization of a Miniature Wearable Fractal Patch Antenna for Medical Purposes. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5, 829 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-03186-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-03186-5

Keywords