Abstract
We study hierarchical games where the second stage consists of a finite noncooperative game. To ensure that the lower level problem admits solutions, its mixed extension is considered. By using the Shannon entropy, a regularization scheme for the two-stage game is introduced and some properties are presented, as the asymptotic subgame perfectness.
Availability of Data and Materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Başar T, Olsder GJ (1999) Dynamic noncooperative game theory. Reprint of the second 1995 edition. Classics in Applied Mathematics, 23. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA
Chinchuluun A, Pardalos PM, Migdalas A, Pitsoulis L (2008) Pareto optimality, game theory and equilibria. Springer Optimization and Its Applications series, Vol. 17, Springer New York
von Stackelberg H (1952) Marktform und Gleichgewicht. Julius Springer, Vienna (1934). English Edition: The theory of the market economy. Peacock, A. (ed.), London, William Hodge
Selten R (1965) Stackelberg-Nash-Cournot Equilibria: characterizations and computations. J Inst Theor Econ 121:301–324
Mallozzi L, Morgan J (2005) Oligopolistic markets with leadership and demand functions possibly discontinuous. J Optim Theory Appl 125:393–407
Sherali HD, Soyster AL, Murphy FH (1983) Stackelberg-Nash-Cournot equilibria: characterizations and computations. Oper Res 31:253–276
Dempe S (2020) Bilevel Optimization: Theory, Algorithms, Applications and a Bibliography, In S. Dempe, A. Zemkoho (eds): Bilevel Optimization, Advances and Next Challenges. Springer Optimization and Its Applications series, Vol. 161, Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Grammatico S (2017) Dynamic control of agents playing aggregative games with coupling constraints. IEEE Trans Automat Control 62:4537–4548
Hu M, Fukushima M (2015) Multi-leader-follower games: models, methods and applications. J Oper Res Soc Japan 58:1–23
Leitmann G (1978) On generalized Stackelberg strategies. J Optim Theory Appl 26:637–643
Colson B, Marcotte P, Savard G (2007) An overview of bilevel optimization. Ann Oper Res 153:235–256
Nguyen KC, Alpcan T, Başar T (2009) Security games with incomplete information, Proceedings - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC Dresden 14–18 July, 1–6
Birbil I, Fang SC, Han J (2004) Entropic regularization approach for mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Comput Oper Res 31:2249–2262
Korzhyk D, Yin Z, Kiekintveld C, Conitzer V, Tambe MM (2011) Stackelberg vs. Nash in security games: an extended investigation of interchangeability, equivalence, and uniqueness. J Artif Intell Res 41:297–327
Shamma JS, Arslan G (2004) Unified convergence proofs of continuous time fictitious play. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 49:1137–1141
Sinha A, Fang F, An B, Kiekintveld C, Tambe M (2018) Stackelberg security games: looking beyond a decade of success. Proc. of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18),Stockholm, Sweden, July 13–19, 5494–5501. Research Collection School of Information Systems
Chinchuluun A, Pardalos PM, Huang HX (2009) Multilevel (Hierarchical) Optimization: Complexity Issues, Optimality Conditions, Algorithms. In D. Gao, H. Sherali (eds) Advances in Applied Mathematics and Global Optimization, Springer, 197-221
Migdalas A, Pardalos PM, Värbrand P (1998) Multilevel Optimization: Algorithms and Applications. Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications series, Vol. 20, Springer US
Pardalos PM, Deng X (1997) Complexity Issues in Hierarchical Optimization. In B. Mirkin, F.R. McMorris, F.S. Roberts, A. Rzhetsky (eds) Mathematical Hierarchies and Biology, DIMACS Series, Vol. 37, AMS 219–224
Luo ZQ, Pang JS, Ralph D (1996) Mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mallozzi L, Sacco A (2021) Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium and quasi harmonic games. Ann Oper Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03916-x
Caruso F, Lignola MB, Morgan J (2020) Regularization and approximation methods. In S. Dempe, A. Zemkoho (eds): Bilevel Optimization, Advances and Next Challenges. Springer Optimization and Its Applications series, Vol. 161, Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Peyré G, Cuturi M (2019) Computational optimal transport with applications to data science. Found Trends Mach Learn 11(5–6):355–607
Rockafellar RT, Wets RJB (1998) Variational analysis, Springer
Cominetti R, San Martín J (1994) Asymptotic analysis of the exponential penalty trajectory in Linear Programming Math Progr 67:169–187
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–428
Rosen J (1965) Existence and uniqueness of equilibrium points for concave n-person games. Econometrica 33:520–534
Mangasarian OL, Stone H (1964) Two-Person Nonzero-Sum Games and Quadratic Programming. J Math Anal Appl 9:348–355
Kuhn HW (1961) Algorithm for Equilibrium Points in Bimatrix Games. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47:1657–1662
Funding
Financial support by GNAMPA-INDAM (Project 2020/2021: Problemi di ottimizzazione con vincoli via trasporto ottimo e incertezza) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mallozzi, L., Pardalos, P.M. Entropic Regularization in Hierarchical Games. Oper. Res. Forum 3, 12 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-022-00130-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-022-00130-2