Abstract
A Sinh-Domain high-pass filter topology with 50 mHz cutoff frequency is proposed in this paper. The realization of the required extremely large time constant is achieved through the employment of appropriate current division network, constructed from appropriate configured dividers. As an application example, an electrocardiography (ECG) signal acquisition system is realized, where 50/60 Hz bandstop (notch) and low-pass filters have also been employed. Using the Analog Design Environment of the Cadence software and MOS transistors parameters provided by the TSMC 180 nm CMOS process, the performance of all intermediate stages has been evaluated, in terms of the most important performance factors. In addition, the behavior of the proposed system has been studied through the stimulation with noisy ECGs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Alzaher, N. Tasadduq, Y. Mahnashi, A highly linear fully integrated powerline filter for biopotential acquisition systems. IEEE Biomed. Circuits Syst. 7(5), 703–712 (2013). doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2013.2245506
J. Bailey, A. Berson, A. Garson, L. Horan, P. Macfarlane, D. Mortara, C. Zywietz, Recommendations for standardization and specifications in automated electrocardiography: bandwidth and digital signal processing. J. Am. Heart Assoc. Circ. 81(2), 730–739 (1990). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.81.2.730
K. Bult, J. Geelen, An inherently linear and compact MOST-only current division technique. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits. 27(12), 1730–1735 (1992). doi:10.1109/4.173099
A.C. Demartinos, C. Kasimis, C. Laoudias, C. Psychalinos, Companding realizations of the non-linear energy operator. ISRN Biomed. Eng. (2013). doi:10.1155/2013/750290
ECGSYN, http://physionet.org/physiotools/ecgsyn/. Accessed 15 May 2014
C. Enz, E. Vittoz, CMOS low-power analog circuit design, in Proceedings of Designing Low Power Digital Systems, Emerging Technologies Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA (1996), pp. 79–133. doi:10.1109/ETLPDS.1996.508872
F. Kafe, C. Psychalinos, Realization of companding filters with large time-constants for biomedical applications. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 78(1), 217–231 (2014). doi:10.1007/s10470-013-0165-0
E. Kardoulaki, K. Glaros, A. Katsiamis, E. Drakakis, An 8Hz, 0.1\(\mu \)W, 110+ dBs Sinh CMOS Bessel Filter for ECG signals, in International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), Marrakech, Morocco (2009), pp. 14–17. doi:10.1109/ICM.2009.5418668
E. Kardoulaki, K. Glaros, P. Degenaar, A. Katsiamis, H. Man, D. Ip, E. Drakakis, Measured hyperbolic-sine(sinh) CMOS results: a high-order 10Hz–1kHz notch filter for 50/60Hz noise. Microelectron. J. 44(12), 1268–1277 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2013.08.013
C. Kasimis, C. Psychalinos, Design of Sinh-Domain filters using complementary operators. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 40(10), 1019–1039 (2012). doi:10.1002/cta.769
C. Kasimis, C. Psychalinos, 1.2V BiCMOS Sinh-Domain filters. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 31(4), 1257–1277 (2012). doi:10.1007/s00034-011-9379-5
A. Katsiamis, K. Glaros, E. Drakakis, Insights and advances on the design of CMOS Sinh companding filters. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I. 55(9), 2539–2550 (2008). doi:10.1109/TCSI.2008.921037
P. Kligfield, L. Gettes, J. Bailey, R. Childers, B. Deal, W. Hancock, G. van Herpen, J. Kors, P. Macfarlane, D. Mirvis, O. Pahlm, P. Rautaharju, G. Wagner, Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram part I: the electrocardiogram and its technology. J. Am. Heart Assoc. Circ. 115, 1306–1324 (2007). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180200
B. Linares-Barranco, T. Serrano-Gotarredona, On the design and characterization of femtoampere current-mode circuits. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 38(8), 1353–1363 (2003). doi:10.1109/JSSC.2003.814415
B. Linares-Barranco, T. Serrano-Gotarredona, R. Serano-Gotarredona, C. Serrano-Gotarredona, Current mode techniques for sub-pico-ampere circuit design. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 38(2–3), 103–119 (2004). doi:10.1023/B:ALOG.0000011162.52504.39
A. Lopez-Martin, A. Carlosena, Synthesis of sinh systems from Gm-C systems by component to component substitution, in Proceedings of 42nd-Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Las Cruses, NM, USA (1999), pp. 287–290. doi:10.1109/MWSCAS.1999.867263
C.T. Ma, P.I. Mak, M.I. Vai, P.U. Mak, S.H. Pun, W. Feng, R. Martins, Frequency-bandwidth-tunable powerline notch filter for biopotential acquisition systems. Electron. Lett. 45(4), 197–199 (2009). doi:10.1049/el:20093704
Physiobank ATM, http://www.physionet.org/cgi-bin/atm/ATM. Accessed 15 May 2014
X. Qian, Y. Ping Xu, X. Li, A CMOS continuous-time low-pass notch filter for EEG systems. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 44(3), 231–238 (2005). doi:10.1007/s10470-005-3007-x
W. Serdijn, M. Kouwenhoven, J. Mulder, A. van Roermund, Design of high dynamic range fully integratable translinear filters. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 19(3), 223–239 (1999). doi:10.1023/A:1008378528611
S. Thanapitak, C. Toumazou, A bionics chemical synapse. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 7(3), 296–306 (2013). doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2012.2202494
G. Tsirimokou, C. Laoudias, C. Psychalinos, Tinnitus detector realization using Sinh-Domain circuits. J. Low Power Electron. 9(4), 458–470 (2013). doi:10.1166/jolpe.2013.1272
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kafe, F., Khanday, F.A. & Psychalinos, C. A 50 mHz Sinh-Domain High-pass Filter for Realizing an ECG Signal Acquisition System. Circuits Syst Signal Process 33, 3673–3696 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-014-9826-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-014-9826-1