Abstract
Networks formed by small enterprises among themselves or with larger ones are common features in many agricultural, manufacturing and service activities in India and probably in many other countries. Through the network, a group of entrepreneurs pool their limited resources including capital, skills and expertise, knowledge and information in order to gain access to various product/input markets and services or to take advantages of some favourable situations or to overcome certain constraints. These networks have a very different governance architecture compared to that of a corporate or a supply chain network. The corporate governance involves command and control down the vertical line. The suppliers in the supply chain are often merely the agents of the large retailer with little autonomy as entrepreneurs, and when they can retain their autonomy, there emerge problems of aligning incentives of the various stakeholders in the supply chain. In the network, the governance architecture is primarily based on self-interests of the equity participants forming the networks. Functioning of the network requires active participation of all the stakeholders, and shirking by any member reduces the return on resources of every member which provides the basis of equity participation and reciprocal cooperation. “Complementarity” and “essentiality” of the assets of various entrepreneurs largely determine the nature of network cooperation and surplus distribution. In general, the network enables the small producers to retain their independent entrepreneurships and at the same time help overcome the incentive alignment problems to a large extent. However, there exist wide varieties of networks across industries and within an industry in different locations with varied levels of cooperation and alignment of incentives. Some networks are operating at suboptimal levels and some others are potentially unstable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aoki M, Jackson G (2008) Understanding an emergent diversity of corporate governance and organizational architecture: an essentiality-based analysis. Ind Corp Chang 17(1):1–27. doi:10.1093/icc/dtm037
Ba S, Stallaert J, Whinston AB (2001) Research commentary: introducing a third dimension in information systems design: the case for incentive alignment. Inf Syst Res 12(3):225–239
Biswas PK (2001) Surplus yield and production structure: the case of small-scale rural industries in West Bengal. J Peasant Stud 28(2):119–145
Biswas PK (2003) Rural industrialisation in West Bengal: institutions, innovations and growth. Manak Publishers, New Delhi
Chandra P (2006) Networks of small producers for technological innovation: some models. Working paper no 2006-02-03, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. http://ebookbrowse.com/p-chandra-iima-networks-of-small-producers-for-technological-innovation-some-models-co-listed-as-working-paper-no-2006-03-02-with-iima-working-paper-series-27-09-2007-doc-d27428004. Accessed 25 Mar 2008
Competition Commission (2006) Groceries market investigation: statement of issues. http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/inquiries/ref2006/grocery/index.htm. Accessed 24 Mar 2008
Kennedy L (2005) Variations on the classical model: forms of cooperation in leather clusters of palar valley, Tamil Nadu. In: Das K (ed) Indian industrial clusters. Ashgate, England, pp 103–121
Knorringa P (2005) An Italian model and an Indian reality: searching for a way-out of deteriorating sweatshop conditions. In: Das K (ed) Indian industrial clusters. Ashgate, England, pp 21–36
Narayanan VG, Raman A (2004) Aligning incentives in supply chains. Harv Bus Rev 82(11):94–102. doi:10.1225/R0411F
Rajni V (2007) Casual labour contracts of agricultural labourers in east and west Uttar Pradesh. Econ Polit Wkly 42(2):154–160
Ramesh BP (2001) Organisational structure, labour relations and employment in Kancheepuram silk weaving. NLI research studies series no: 021/2001. V. V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida
Vijayabaskar M (2005) Flexible accumulation and labour markets: case of the Tirupur knitwear cluster. In: Das K (ed) Indian industrial clusters. Ashgate, England, pp 37–53
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Biswatosh Saha and Parthasarathi Banerjee and the referees for their insightful comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Biswas, P.K. Networks of small enterprises, architecture of governance and incentive alignment: some cases from India. AI & Soc 26, 383–391 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-011-0318-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-011-0318-6