Abstract
The paper considers a dynamic game with a single manufacturer who supplies two retailers. The manufacturer determines his production rate of a specific product, the rate of quality improvement efforts as well as the rate of advertising for the product. Each retailer controls her purchasing rate and the consumer sales price. Payments from a retailer to the manufacturer are determined by a wholesale price or a revenue-sharing scheme. The retailers operate in the same consumer market in which they compete in prices for the consumer demand. Nash equilibrium conditions are derived and numerical methods are employed to characterize equilibrium behavior of the players in a differential game of fixed and finite duration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anupindi R, Bassok Y (1999) Centralization of stocks: retailers versus manufacturer. Manag Sci 45: 178–191
Başar T, Olsder GJ (1999) Dynamic noncooperative game theory: SIAM series in classics in applied mathematics, 3rd edn. SIAM, Philadelphia
Bensoussan A, Hurst EG Jr, Näslund B (1974) Management applications of modern control theory. North-Holland, New York
Bernstein F, Federgruen A (2003) Pricing and replenishment strategies in a distribution system with competing retailers. Operat Res 51: 409–426
Bernstein F, Federgruen A (2005) Decentralized supply chains with competing retailers under demand uncertainty. Manag Sci 51: 18–29
Bresnahan TF, Reiss PC (1985) Dealer and manufacturer margins. Rand J Econ 16: 253–268
Cachon G (2003) Supply chain coordination with contracts. In: Graves S, de Kok T (eds) Handbooks in operations research and management science: supply chain management. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Cachon GP, Lariviere MA (2005) Supply chain coordination with revenue sharing contracts. Strengths Limitat Manag Sci 51: 30–44
Chand S, Moskowitz H, Novak A, Rekhi I, Sorger G (1996) Capacity allocation for dynamic process improvement with quality and demand considerations. Operat Res 44: 964–975
Chen F, Federgruen A, Zheng Y (2001) Coordination mechanisms for a distribution system with one supplier and multiple retailers. Manag Sci 47: 693–708
Choi SC (1996) Price competition in a duopoly common retailer channel. J Retail 72(2): 117–134
Coughlan AT, Wernerfelt B (1989) On credible delegation by oligopolists: a discussion of distribution channel managements. Manag Sci 35(2): 226–239
Dana J, Spier K (2001) Revenue sharing and vertical control in the video rental industry. J Indus Econ 59: 223–245
Dockner E, Feichtinger G, Jørgensen S (1985) Tractable classes of nonzero-sum open-loop Nash differential games: theory and examples. J Optimiz Theory Appl 45: 179–197
Dockner E, Jørgensen S, Van Long N, Sorger G (2000) Differential games in economics and management science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
El Ouardighi F, Jørgensen S, Pasin F (2008) A dynamic game model of operations and marketing management in a supply chain. Int Game Theory Rev 10: 373–397
El Ouardighi F, Kim B (2010) Supply quality management with wholesale price and revenue-sharing contracts under horizontal competition. Eur J Operat Res 206: 329–340
El Ouardighi F, Pasin F (2006) Quality improvement and goodwill accumulation in a dynamic duopoly. Eur J Operat Res 175: 1021–1032
Erickson G (2003) Dynamic models of advertising competition: international series in quantitative marketing, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Erickson GM (2011) A differential game model of the marketing-operations interface. Eur J Operat Res 211: 394–402
Erickson GM (2012) Transfer pricing in a dynamic marketing-operations interface. Eur J Operat Res 216: 326–333
Feichtinger F (1982) Optimal pricing in a diffusion model with concave price-dependent market potential. Operat Res Lett 1: 236–240
Feichtinger G, Hartl R (1985) Optimal pricing and production in an inventory model. Eur J Operat Res 19: 45–56
Gaimon C (1988) Simultaneous and dynamic price, production, inventory and capacity decisions. Eur J Operat Res 35: 426–441
Garvin D (1988) Managing quality. Free Press, New York
Ittner CD, Nagar V, Rajan MV (2001) An empirical examination of dynamic quality-based leaning models. Manag Sci 47: 563–578
Jørgensen S (1986) Optimal production, purchasing and pricing: a differential games approach. Eur J Operat Res 24: 64–76
Jørgensen S, Zaccour G (2004) Differential games in marketing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Kogan K, Tapiero CS (2007) Supply chain games: operations management and risk valuation. Springer, New York
Lariviere MA, Porteus EL (2001) Selling to the newsvendor: an analysis of price-only contracts. Manufact Serv Operat Manag 3: 293–305
Léonard D (1981) The signs of the co-state variables and sufficiency conditions in a class of optimal control problems. Econ Lett 8: 321–325
Lippman S, McCardle K (1997) The competitive newsboy. Operat Res 45: 54–65
Lourenço HR, Martin OC, Stützle T (2002) Iterated local search. In: Glover F, Kochenberger G (eds) Handbook of Metaheuristics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
O’Brien DP, Shaffer G (1993) On the dampening-of-competition effect of exclusive dealing. J Indus Econ 41: 215–221
Perakis G, Roels G (2007) The price of anarchy in supply chains: quantifying the efficiency of price-only contracts. Manag Sci 53: 1249–1268
Press WH, Teukolsky AA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP (2002) Numerical recipes in C++: the art of scientific computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Tsay AA, Agrawal N (2004) Modeling conflict and coordination in multi-channel distribution systems: a review. In: Simchi-Levi D, Wu SD, Shen Z-J (eds) Handbook of quantitative supply chain analysis: modeling in the e-business era. Springer, Berlin
Weng ZK (1995) Channel coordination and quantity discounts. Manag Sci 41: 1509–1522
Zaccour G (2008) On the coordination of dynamic marketing channels and two-part tariffs. Automatica 44: 1233–1239
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors acknowledge valuable and constructive comments from two referees and the associate editor. The paper was completed while the first author was visiting HEC-Montreal in Canada.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ouardighi, F.E., Jørgensen, S. & Pasin, F. A dynamic game with monopolist manufacturer and price-competing duopolist retailers. OR Spectrum 35, 1059–1084 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-012-0300-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-012-0300-9