Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate a novel approach of predicting the ultimate capacity of axially loaded circular concrete-filled steel tube (CCFST) columns. A hybrid intelligent system, namely GAP-BART, was developed based on the Bayesian additive regression tree (BART) combining with three nature-inspired optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and then applied. Three sub-hybrid models of the system were built, abbreviated as G-BART, A-BART, and P-BART, respectively, using 504 experimental data collected from published research. The compiled database covered five input variables, including the diameter of the circular cross-section—section (D), the wall thickness of the steel tube (t), the length of the column (L), the compressive strength of the concrete (\(f_{\text{c}}^{'}\)), and the yield strength of the steel tube (fy). The coefficient of determination (R2) values of (0.9971, 0.9982, and 0.9986) and (0.9891, 0.9923 and 0.9931) were achieved for training and testing of G-BART, A-BART, and P-BART models, respectively. The P-BART model performed the lowest RMSE and MAE values for the training and testing set of (66.85 kN and 49.60 kN) and (141.24 kN and 102.04 kN), respectively. These results indicated that although the proposed models were able to estimate ultimate axial capacity with high accuracy, the P-BART model had the best performance among them. For benchmarking, the obtained results were validated against several mathematical approaches as well as other AI techniques (MARS, ANN). The findings of the comparative analysis clearly showed superior ability to predict the CFST ultimate axial capacity relative to the benchmark models. The relative importance of each predictor was investigated to find the most significant input variables. The results confirmed that the hybrid GAP-BART system can serve as a reliable and accurate tool for the design of CCFST columns and to predict their performance.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean Government (Grant 20CTAP-C143093-03). The authors would like to express sincere gratitude for their support.
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Appendix: Experimental data of CCFST columns under axially loaded used in this study
Appendix: Experimental data of CCFST columns under axially loaded used in this study
References | Specimen | L (mm) | D (mm) | t (mm) | \(f_{y}\) (MPa) | \(f_{\text{c}}^{ '}\) (MPa) | \(N_{\text{u}}\) (kN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klöppel and Goder [52] | 7 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 12.50 | 274.6 | 20.3 | 947.0 |
8 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 12.75 | 272.6 | 20.3 | 937.7 | |
9 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 12.40 | 272.6 | 20.3 | 907.0 | |
10 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 12.60 | 274.6 | 20.3 | 1017.8 | |
11 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 12.70 | 272.6 | 20.3 | 1008.0 | |
12 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 12.70 | 272.6 | 20.3 | 1033.8 | |
14 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 12.50 | 275.6 | 20.3 | 907.0 | |
15 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 12.60 | 279.5 | 20.3 | 916.8 | |
41 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 3.66 | 326.5 | 25.0 | 656.1 | |
42 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 3.68 | 386.4 | 25.0 | 686.4 | |
43 | 860.0 | 95.0 | 3.40 | 335.4 | 25.0 | 656.1 | |
44 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 3.86 | 326.5 | 25.0 | 566.7 | |
45 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 3.91 | 386.4 | 25.0 | 605.8 | |
46 | 1420.1 | 95.0 | 3.58 | 335.4 | 25.0 | 575.6 | |
47 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.76 | 326.5 | 25.0 | 536.5 | |
48 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.78 | 386.4 | 25.0 | 565.8 | |
49 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.51 | 335.4 | 25.0 | 487.5 | |
63 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 4.06 | 284.4 | 25.0 | 1023.1 | |
64 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 4.11 | 299.1 | 22.9 | 1834.4 | |
65 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 4.04 | 288.3 | 29.8 | 2289.1 | |
66 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 4.11 | 286.3 | 29.8 | 2238.8 | |
69 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 6.05 | 389.3 | 22.9 | 2461.6 | |
70 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 5.97 | 393.3 | 22.9 | 2421.2 | |
71 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 6.50 | 295.2 | 29.8 | 2803.7 | |
72 | 2220.0 | 216.0 | 6.30 | 405.0 | 29.8 | 2932.3 | |
73 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.86 | 332.4 | 24.1 | 498.2 | |
74 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.40 | 337.4 | 24.1 | 472.8 | |
75 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.58 | 355.0 | 24.1 | 472.8 | |
76 | 1979.9 | 95.0 | 3.73 | 326.5 | 24.1 | 412.8 | |
83 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 3.66 | 295.2 | 21.1 | 695.3 | |
84 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 3.73 | 327.6 | 21.1 | 746.4 | |
85 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 3.76 | 307.9 | 24.2 | 836.7 | |
86 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 3.99 | 326.5 | 24.2 | 867.0 | |
89 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 5.61 | 344.2 | 21.1 | 998.2 | |
90 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 5.41 | 343.2 | 21.1 | 1017.8 | |
91 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 5.46 | 330.5 | 24.2 | 1099.2 | |
92 | 1050.0 | 121.0 | 5.56 | 321.6 | 24.2 | 1078.7 | |
95 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 3.71 | 295.2 | 21.1 | 640.5 | |
96 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 3.76 | 327.6 | 21.1 | 629.4 | |
97 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 3.71 | 307.9 | 24.2 | 695.3 | |
98 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 3.86 | 326.5 | 24.2 | 755.3 | |
101 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 5.69 | 344.2 | 21.1 | 786.4 | |
102 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 5.49 | 343.2 | 21.1 | 815.8 | |
103 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 5.64 | 330.5 | 24.2 | 873.6 | |
104 | 2310.1 | 121.0 | 5.44 | 321.6 | 24.2 | 865.2 | |
Salani and Sims [53] | 22F | 1524.0 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 524.0 | 17.9 | 107.6 |
23F | 1524.0 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 524.0 | 17.9 | 121.0 | |
24F | 1524.0 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 524.0 | 17.9 | 106.8 | |
51F | 1524.0 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 524.0 | 27.8 | 113.0 | |
52F | 1524.0 | 38.1 | 2.77 | 524.0 | 27.8 | 106.8 | |
28F | 1524.0 | 50.8 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 21.3 | 115.2 | |
29F | 1524.0 | 50.8 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 21.3 | 114.3 | |
30F | 1524.0 | 50.8 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 27.9 | 120.5 | |
71F | 1524.0 | 69.9 | 1.24 | 524.0 | 27.9 | 230.9 | |
40F | 1524.0 | 76.2 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 20.8 | 226.4 | |
41F | 1524.0 | 76.2 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 20.8 | 245.1 | |
42F | 1524.0 | 76.2 | 1.65 | 524.0 | 27.2 | 320.3 | |
Chapman and Neogi [54] | A1 | 1879.6 | 355.6 | 11.18 | 355.1 | 38.1 | 11,458.6 |
A4 | 1879.6 | 355.6 | 11.18 | 355.1 | 32.8 | 10,711.3 | |
A5 | 1879.6 | 355.6 | 4.72 | 276.5 | 21.0 | 3517.2 | |
A6 | 2082.8 | 355.6 | 7.98 | 355.1 | 23.4 | 7433.0 | |
B1 | 711.2 | 127.3 | 1.63 | 370.6 | 66.2 | 1285.5 | |
B1X | 711.2 | 127.3 | 1.63 | 328.9 | 66.2 | 1285.5 | |
B2 | 711.2 | 127.1 | 2.95 | 370.6 | 66.2 | 1305.6 | |
B2X | 711.2 | 127.1 | 2.95 | 328.9 | 66.2 | 1305.6 | |
DF1 | 406.4 | 140.1 | 9.68 | 265.4 | 27.6 | 2949.2 | |
DF1X | 406.4 | 140.1 | 9.68 | 268.9 | 28.0 | 2949.2 | |
DF2 | 406.4 | 140.4 | 4.93 | 288.9 | 32.7 | 1823.8 | |
DF2X | 406.4 | 140.4 | 4.93 | 297.9 | 32.7 | 1823.8 | |
SC1 | 812.8 | 168.2 | 4.52 | 297.9 | 31.4 | 2006.1 | |
SC2 | 812.8 | 168.4 | 4.52 | 297.9 | 43.2 | 2233.0 | |
SC3 | 812.8 | 168.2 | 4.52 | 297.9 | 43.2 | 2112.9 | |
SC4 | 812.8 | 168.3 | 4.47 | 297.9 | 23.0 | 1743.7 | |
Gardener and Jacobson [55] | 1 | 1524.0 | 101.7 | 3.07 | 605.1 | 34.1 | 818.5 |
2 | 1524.0 | 101.7 | 3.10 | 605.1 | 31.2 | 800.7 | |
3 | 203.3 | 101.7 | 3.07 | 605.1 | 34.1 | 1112.1 | |
4 | 203.3 | 101.7 | 3.07 | 605.1 | 31.2 | 1067.6 | |
5 | 1050.0 | 120.7 | 4.09 | 451.6 | 34.4 | 1156.5 | |
6 | 1050.0 | 120.8 | 4.09 | 451.6 | 29.6 | 1092.7 | |
7 | 1050.0 | 120.8 | 4.09 | 451.6 | 25.9 | 949.7 | |
8 | 241.3 | 120.8 | 4.06 | 451.6 | 34.4 | 1201.0 | |
9 | 241.4 | 120.8 | 4.09 | 451.6 | 29.6 | 1201.0 | |
10 | 241.4 | 120.8 | 4.09 | 451.6 | 25.9 | 1112.1 | |
11 | 1676.4 | 152.6 | 3.15 | 415.1 | 20.9 | 938.6 | |
12 | 1676.4 | 152.7 | 3.15 | 415.1 | 23.1 | 880.7 | |
13 | 304.8 | 152.6 | 3.18 | 415.1 | 20.9 | 1201.0 | |
14 | 304.9 | 152.6 | 3.15 | 415.1 | 23.1 | 1201.0 | |
15 | 304.9 | 152.6 | 4.93 | 633.4 | 42.0 | 2909.1 | |
16 | 304.9 | 152.6 | 4.90 | 633.4 | 43.4 | 2913.6 | |
18 | 1524.0 | 76.5 | 1.70 | 363.3 | 25.0 | 244.7 | |
19 | 152.3 | 76.4 | 1.70 | 363.3 | 25.0 | 355.9 | |
20 | 609.5 | 76.4 | 1.73 | 363.3 | 40.9 | 411.5 | |
21 | 609.4 | 76.5 | 1.73 | 363.3 | 25.9 | 330.3 | |
22 | 152.3 | 76.5 | 1.68 | 363.3 | 40.9 | 434.6 | |
23 | 152.4 | 76.4 | 1.70 | 363.3 | 25.9 | 372.3 | |
24 | 152.4 | 76.5 | 1.70 | 363.3 | 33.3 | 433.3 | |
25 | 152.5 | 76.5 | 1.73 | 363.3 | 33.3 | 434.6 | |
Furlong [56] | Column-1 | 914.4 | 114.3 | 3.18 | 413.7 | 29.0 | 711.7 |
Column-2 | 914.4 | 114.3 | 3.18 | 413.7 | 29.0 | 756.2 | |
Column-8 | 914.4 | 152.4 | 1.55 | 330.9 | 21.0 | 682.4 | |
Column-9 | 914.4 | 152.4 | 1.55 | 330.9 | 25.9 | 721.5 | |
Column-10 | 914.4 | 152.4 | 1.55 | 330.9 | 25.9 | 733.1 | |
Column-11 | 914.4 | 127.0 | 2.41 | 330.9 | 35.2 | 627.2 | |
Column-12 | 914.4 | 127.0 | 2.41 | 330.9 | 35.2 | 622.8 | |
Column-13 | 914.4 | 127.0 | 2.41 | 330.9 | 35.2 | 658.3 | |
Gardener [57] | 1 | 1828.8 | 168.7 | 2.64 | 297.9 | 17.9 | 822.9 |
2 | 1828.8 | 168.7 | 2.64 | 297.9 | 34.1 | 916.3 | |
3 | 1828.8 | 169.2 | 2.62 | 317.2 | 36.5 | 756.2 | |
4 | 1828.8 | 169.2 | 2.62 | 317.2 | 33.6 | 689.5 | |
5 | 2133.6 | 168.1 | 3.61 | 221.3 | 26.6 | 947.5 | |
6 | 2133.6 | 168.1 | 3.61 | 221.3 | 32.8 | 1049.8 | |
7 | 2133.6 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 32.9 | 1129.8 | |
8 | 2133.6 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 27.4 | 1165.4 | |
1a | 304.8 | 168.7 | 2.64 | 297.9 | 17.9 | 1325.6 | |
2a | 304.8 | 168.7 | 2.64 | 297.9 | 34.1 | 1218.8 | |
3a | 304.8 | 169.2 | 2.62 | 317.2 | 36.5 | 1307.8 | |
4a | 304.8 | 169.2 | 2.62 | 317.2 | 33.6 | 1330.0 | |
5a | 304.8 | 168.1 | 3.61 | 221.3 | 26.6 | 1556.9 | |
6a | 304.8 | 168.1 | 3.61 | 221.3 | 32.8 | 1432.3 | |
6b | 304.8 | 168.1 | 3.61 | 221.3 | 32.8 | 1463.5 | |
7a | 304.8 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 32.9 | 1966.1 | |
7b | 304.8 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 32.9 | 1970.6 | |
8a | 304.8 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 27.4 | 1983.9 | |
8b | 304.8 | 168.7 | 5.00 | 260.6 | 27.4 | 1983.9 | |
Knowles and Park [58] | Column-1 | 1727.2 | 88.9 | 5.84 | 399.9 | 40.0 | 614.7 |
Column-2 | 1422.4 | 88.9 | 5.84 | 399.9 | 39.6 | 711.7 | |
Column-3 | 1117.6 | 88.9 | 5.84 | 399.9 | 39.0 | 715.3 | |
Column-4 | 812.8 | 88.9 | 5.84 | 399.9 | 41.8 | 918.6 | |
Column-5 | 508.0 | 88.9 | 5.84 | 399.9 | 40.9 | 992.0 | |
Column-7 | 1727.2 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 41.3 | 224.6 | |
Column-8 | 1422.4 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 37.0 | 294.5 | |
Column-9 | 1117.6 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 40.9 | 355.9 | |
Column-10 | 812.8 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 40.9 | 400.3 | |
Column-11 | 508.0 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 40.9 | 489.3 | |
Column-12 | 254.0 | 82.6 | 1.40 | 482.6 | 40.9 | 530.2 | |
Guiaux and Janss [59] | 2 | 3285.0 | 218.3 | 6.45 | 302.0 | 42.2 | 2064.3 |
3 | 2204.0 | 218.3 | 6.30 | 302.0 | 37.1 | 2412.4 | |
4 | 943.0 | 218.3 | 6.50 | 302.0 | 37.1 | 2755.7 | |
5 | 941.5 | 218.5 | 6.38 | 302.0 | 37.1 | 2745.9 | |
6 | 941.5 | 219.3 | 6.05 | 302.0 | 37.1 | 2804.7 | |
9.1 | 2844.0 | 95.3 | 3.78 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 279.5 | |
9.2 | 2844.0 | 95.3 | 3.70 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 281.5 | |
9.3 | 2844.0 | 95.5 | 3.83 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 291.3 | |
10.1 | 1942.5 | 95.5 | 3.73 | 281.5 | 37.1 | 362.8 | |
10.2 | 1942.0 | 95.3 | 3.78 | 281.5 | 37.1 | 407.0 | |
10.3 | 1943.3 | 95.3 | 3.78 | 281.5 | 37.1 | 407.0 | |
11.1 | 1469.0 | 95.5 | 3.75 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 444.2 | |
11.2 | 1466.8 | 95.3 | 3.73 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 441.3 | |
11.3 | 1468.0 | 95.0 | 3.70 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 495.2 | |
12.1 | 997.5 | 95.5 | 3.70 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 524.7 | |
12.2 | 992.0 | 95.3 | 3.55 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 507.0 | |
12.3 | 995.0 | 95.3 | 3.68 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 534.5 | |
13.1 | 504.0 | 95.3 | 3.73 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 637.4 | |
13.2 | 503.8 | 95.5 | 3.75 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 632.5 | |
13.3 | 505.0 | 95.5 | 3.73 | 281.5 | 42.2 | 666.9 | |
Cai and Jiao [60] | G-21 | 1100.0 | 273.0 | 8.00 | 306.9 | 34.7 | 5580.0 |
G-32 | 1100.0 | 273.0 | 8.00 | 306.9 | 11.9 | 4040.3 | |
G-33 | 1100.0 | 273.0 | 8.00 | 306.9 | 11.9 | 3844.2 | |
G-56 | 1100.0 | 273.0 | 8.00 | 306.9 | 17.5 | 5197.5 | |
G-57 | 1100.0 | 273.0 | 8.00 | 306.9 | 17.5 | 5295.6 | |
G-31 | 880.0 | 204.0 | 2.00 | 235.4 | 12.2 | 1068.9 | |
G-35 | 880.0 | 204.0 | 2.00 | 235.4 | 12.2 | 1039.5 | |
G-46 | 840.0 | 204.0 | 2.00 | 235.4 | 33.4 | 1294.5 | |
G-50 | 840.0 | 204.0 | 2.00 | 235.4 | 46.1 | 1637.7 | |
G-51 | 840.0 | 204.0 | 2.00 | 235.4 | 46.9 | 1691.6 | |
G-38 | 410.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 12.2 | 912.0 | |
G-39 | 450.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 12.2 | 843.4 | |
G-44 | 450.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 33.4 | 1044.4 | |
G-45 | 450.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 33.4 | 1167.0 | |
G-48 | 400.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 46.1 | 1176.8 | |
G-49 | 400.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 46.1 | 1171.9 | |
G-58 | 400.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 46.1 | 1073.8 | |
G-59 | 405.0 | 96.0 | 5.00 | 410.9 | 46.1 | 1122.9 | |
G-36 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 12.2 | 2417.3 | |
G-37 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 12.2 | 2373.2 | |
G-42 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 33.4 | 2500.7 | |
G-1 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 31.4 | 1745.6 | |
G-2 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 31.4 | 1696.6 | |
G-12 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1863.3 | |
G-15 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1873.1 | |
G-16 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1696.6 | |
G-22 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1735.8 | |
G-23 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 2030.0 | |
G-29 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 2108.4 | |
G-41 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 11.9 | 2334.0 | |
G-43 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 33.4 | 2422.2 | |
G-52 | 500.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 46.9 | 2589.0 | |
G-7 | 350.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1784.8 | |
G-8 | 350.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 2039.8 | |
G-9 | 500.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 2000.6 | |
G-10 | 500.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 2044.7 | |
G-11 | 660.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1976.0 | |
G-18 | 1100.0 | 166.0 | 5.00 | 274.6 | 34.7 | 1985.8 | |
G-64 | 260.0 | 320.0 | 7.00 | 250.1 | 53.0 | 7914.0 | |
G-65 | 440.0 | 320.0 | 7.00 | 250.1 | 53.0 | 5903.6 | |
G-66 | 520.0 | 320.0 | 7.00 | 250.1 | 53.0 | 5893.8 | |
G-67 | 520.0 | 320.0 | 7.00 | 250.1 | 53.0 | 6384.1 | |
G-60 | 200.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 9.2 | 2706.6 | |
G-62 | 200.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 15.7 | 2745.9 | |
G-63 | 200.0 | 121.0 | 12.00 | 294.2 | 15.7 | 2843.9 | |
Cai and Gu [61] | C-1 | 324.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 1118.0 |
C-2 | 324.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 1059.1 | |
C-3 | 324.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 1073.8 | |
C-4 | 648.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 825.7 | |
C-5 | 648.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 828.7 | |
C-6 | 864.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 766.9 | |
C-7 | 864.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 802.2 | |
C-8 | 864.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 869.8 | |
C-9 | 1080.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 837.5 | |
C-10 | 1080.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 783.6 | |
C-11 | 1620.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 708.0 | |
C-12 | 1620.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 647.2 | |
C-13 | 1620.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 644.3 | |
C-14 | 2160.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 672.7 | |
C-15 | 2160.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 698.2 | |
C-16 | 2160.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 676.7 | |
C-17 | 2700.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 649.2 | |
C-18 | 3240.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 560.0 | |
C-19 | 3240.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 478.6 | |
C-20 | 3240.0 | 108.0 | 4.00 | 339.1 | 34.0 | 601.1 | |
Sakino et al. [62] | S3LA | 200.0 | 101.8 | 2.94 | 319.7 | 17.9 | 627.6 |
S3HA | 200.0 | 101.8 | 2.94 | 319.7 | 37.4 | 660.0 | |
S6LA | 200.0 | 101.8 | 5.70 | 305.0 | 17.9 | 953.2 | |
S6HA | 200.0 | 101.8 | 5.70 | 305.0 | 37.4 | 970.9 | |
SPLA-1 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 17.9 | 238.3 | |
SPLA-2 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 17.9 | 242.2 | |
SPLA-3 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 17.9 | 237.3 | |
SPHA-4 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 37.4 | 389.3 | |
SPHA-5 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 37.4 | 394.2 | |
SPHA-6 | 200.0 | 100.0 | 0.52 | 244.2 | 37.4 | 404.0 | |
Lin [63] | D1 | 480.0 | 150.0 | 0.70 | 245.2 | 22.6 | 538.4 |
D2 | 800.0 | 150.0 | 0.70 | 245.2 | 22.6 | 513.9 | |
D4 | 800.0 | 150.0 | 1.40 | 245.2 | 22.6 | 697.3 | |
D6 | 800.0 | 150.0 | 2.10 | 245.2 | 22.6 | 787.5 | |
E1 | 480.0 | 150.0 | 0.70 | 245.2 | 33.4 | 744.3 | |
E6 | 800.0 | 150.0 | 2.10 | 245.2 | 35.3 | 1073.8 | |
Masuo et al. [64] | 1A2 | 1150.0 | 190.7 | 6.00 | 505.0 | 55.9 | 3062.6 |
1A4 | 2300.0 | 190.7 | 6.00 | 505.0 | 55.9 | 2611.5 | |
1A6 | 3450.0 | 190.7 | 6.00 | 505.0 | 55.9 | 2059.4 | |
1G2 | 1150.0 | 190.7 | 6.00 | 505.0 | 48.3 | 3147.9 | |
1G6 | 3450.0 | 190.7 | 6.00 | 505.0 | 48.3 | 2132.9 | |
2A2 | 1600.0 | 267.4 | 7.00 | 460.9 | 55.9 | 5180.9 | |
2A4 | 3200.0 | 267.4 | 7.00 | 460.9 | 55.9 | 4533.6 | |
2G2 | 1600.0 | 267.4 | 7.00 | 460.9 | 48.3 | 5187.7 | |
Sakino and Hayashi [65] | L-20-1 | 360.0 | 178.0 | 9.00 | 283.3 | 22.2 | 2922.4 |
L-20-2 | 360.0 | 178.0 | 9.00 | 283.3 | 22.2 | 2853.7 | |
H-20-1 | 360.0 | 178.0 | 9.00 | 283.3 | 45.4 | 3216.6 | |
H-20-2 | 360.0 | 178.0 | 9.00 | 283.3 | 45.4 | 3177.4 | |
L-32-1 | 360.0 | 179.0 | 5.50 | 248.5 | 22.2 | 1814.2 | |
L-32-2 | 360.0 | 179.0 | 5.50 | 248.5 | 23.9 | 1814.2 | |
H-32-1 | 360.0 | 179.0 | 5.50 | 248.5 | 43.6 | 2039.8 | |
H-32-2 | 360.0 | 179.0 | 5.50 | 248.5 | 43.6 | 2030.0 | |
L-58-1 | 360.0 | 174.0 | 3.00 | 266.0 | 23.9 | 1314.1 | |
L-58-2 | 360.0 | 174.0 | 3.00 | 266.0 | 23.9 | 1304.3 | |
H-58-1 | 360.0 | 174.0 | 3.00 | 266.0 | 45.7 | 1608.3 | |
H-58-2 | 360.0 | 174.0 | 3.00 | 266.0 | 45.7 | 1676.9 | |
Luksha and Nesterovich [66] | SB-1 | 477.0 | 159.0 | 5.10 | 391.5 | 41.5 | 477.0 |
Kenny et al. [67] | 1 | 914.4 | 139.7 | 9.22 | 681.9 | 38.4 | 3047.0 |
2 | 914.4 | 139.7 | 9.22 | 681.9 | 38.4 | 2597.8 | |
3 | 3048.0 | 139.7 | 9.22 | 681.9 | 38.4 | 2001.7 | |
4 | 914.4 | 177.8 | 12.75 | 593.6 | 38.4 | 5253.3 | |
5 | 914.4 | 177.8 | 12.75 | 593.6 | 38.4 | 5524.7 | |
6 | 3048.0 | 177.8 | 12.75 | 593.6 | 38.4 | 4310.3 | |
Prion and Boehme [68] | B1 | 900.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 270.0 | 73.0 | 1550.0 |
B3 | 900.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 270.0 | 73.0 | 1458.0 | |
B5 | 500.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 270.0 | 73.0 | 1548.0 | |
B7 | 500.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 270.0 | 73.0 | 1448.0 | |
BP9 | 660.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 328.0 | 85.0 | 1863.0 | |
BP10 | 660.0 | 152.0 | 1.70 | 328.0 | 85.0 | 1895.0 | |
Fujii [69] | B60-16 | 850.0 | 114.0 | 1.79 | 266.0 | 37.0 | 515.0 |
B60-35 | 850.0 | 114.0 | 3.35 | 291.0 | 37.0 | 785.0 | |
B60-45 | 850.0 | 114.0 | 4.44 | 332.0 | 37.0 | 902.0 | |
B60-60 | 850.0 | 114.0 | 6.00 | 486.0 | 37.0 | 1334.0 | |
B100-60 | 1250.0 | 114.0 | 5.91 | 486.0 | 25.0 | 1177.0 | |
B150-16 | 1750.0 | 114.0 | 1.93 | 266.0 | 33.0 | 461.0 | |
B150-35 | 1750.0 | 114.0 | 3.32 | 291.0 | 30.0 | 628.0 | |
B150-60 | 1750.0 | 114.0 | 5.94 | 486.0 | 37.0 | 1138.0 | |
B200-16 | 2250.0 | 114.0 | 1.78 | 266.0 | 28.0 | 373.0 | |
B200-35 | 2320.0 | 114.0 | 3.31 | 291.0 | 24.0 | 535.0 | |
B200-60 | 2250.0 | 114.0 | 6.14 | 486.0 | 28.0 | 1000.0 | |
B250-16 | 2750.0 | 114.0 | 1.72 | 266.0 | 36.0 | 353.0 | |
B250-35 | 2750.0 | 114.0 | 3.41 | 291.0 | 36.0 | 569.0 | |
B250-45 | 2750.0 | 114.0 | 4.49 | 332.0 | 31.0 | 657.0 | |
B250-60 | 2750.0 | 114.0 | 6.11 | 486.0 | 33.0 | 941.0 | |
Bergmann [70] | RU11 | 1000.0 | 323.9 | 5.60 | 443.9 | 92.3 | 11,481.0 |
RU14 | 4000.0 | 323.9 | 5.60 | 478.0 | 92.3 | 10,401.0 | |
Matsui and Tsuida [71] | C4-0 | 661.0 | 165.2 | 4.50 | 413.9 | 40.9 | 1562.2 |
C8-0 | 1322.0 | 165.2 | 4.50 | 413.9 | 40.9 | 1412.2 | |
C12-0 | 1982.0 | 165.2 | 4.50 | 413.9 | 40.9 | 1372.0 | |
C18-0 | 2974.0 | 165.2 | 4.50 | 413.9 | 40.9 | 1147.4 | |
C24-0 | 3965.0 | 165.2 | 4.50 | 413.9 | 40.9 | 1018.9 | |
O’Shea and Bridge [72] | R12CF1 | 662.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 110.3 | 3030.0 |
R12CF2 | 656.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 110.3 | 2940.0 | |
R12CF3 | 662.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 110.3 | 3140.0 | |
R12CF4 | 662.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 94.7 | 2462.0 | |
R12CF5 | 664.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 110.3 | 3055.0 | |
R12CF7 | 660.0 | 190.0 | 1.11 | 203.1 | 110.3 | 3000.0 | |
Schneider [73] | C1 | 635 | 140.8 | 3 | 285 | 28.18 | 881 |
C2 | 635 | 141.4 | 6.5 | 313 | 23.805 | 1825 | |
C3 | 635 | 140 | 6.68 | 537 | 28.18 | 2715 | |
Tan et al. [74] | A1-1 | 438.0 | 125.0 | 1.00 | 232.0 | 84.7 | 1275.0 |
A1-2 | 438.0 | 125.0 | 1.00 | 232.0 | 84.7 | 1239.0 | |
A2-1 | 445.0 | 127.0 | 2.00 | 258.0 | 84.7 | 1491.0 | |
A2-2 | 445.0 | 127.0 | 2.00 | 258.0 | 84.7 | 1339.0 | |
A3-1 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 3.50 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 1995.0 | |
A3-2 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 3.50 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 1991.0 | |
A3-3 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 3.50 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 1962.0 | |
A4-1 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 4.70 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 2273.0 | |
A4-2 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 4.70 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 2158.0 | |
A4-3 | 465.0 | 133.0 | 4.70 | 352.0 | 84.7 | 2253.0 | |
A5-1 | 445.0 | 127.0 | 7.00 | 429.0 | 84.7 | 3404.0 | |
A5-2 | 445.0 | 127.0 | 7.00 | 429.0 | 84.7 | 3370.0 | |
A5-3 | 445.0 | 127.0 | 7.00 | 429.0 | 84.7 | 3364.0 | |
B-1 | 378.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 358.0 | 77.4 | 1535.0 | |
B-2 | 378.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 358.0 | 77.4 | 1578.0 | |
B-3 | 378.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 358.0 | 77.4 | 1518.0 | |
Kilpatrick and Rangan [75] | SC-38 | 305.7 | 101.9 | 3.00 | 371.0 | 51.3 | 523.0 |
Yamamoto et al. [76] | C10A-2A-1 | 304.2 | 101.4 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 23.2 | 660.0 |
C10A-2A-2 | 305.7 | 101.9 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 23.2 | 649.0 | |
C10A-2A-3 | 305.4 | 101.8 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 23.2 | 682.0 | |
C20A-2A | 649.2 | 216.4 | 6.61 | 452.0 | 24.3 | 3568.0 | |
C30A-2A | 954.9 | 318.3 | 10.36 | 331.0 | 24.2 | 6565.0 | |
C10A-3A-1 | 305.1 | 101.7 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 40.2 | 800.0 | |
C10A-3A-2 | 303.9 | 101.3 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 40.2 | 742.0 | |
C20A-3A | 649.2 | 216.4 | 6.61 | 452.0 | 38.3 | 4023.0 | |
C30A-3A | 954.9 | 318.3 | 10.36 | 331.0 | 39.3 | 7933.0 | |
C10A-4A-1 | 305.7 | 101.9 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 51.3 | 877.0 | |
C10A-4A-2 | 304.5 | 101.5 | 3.03 | 371.0 | 51.3 | 862.0 | |
C20A-4A | 649.2 | 216.4 | 6.61 | 452.0 | 46.8 | 4214.0 | |
C30A-4A | 955.5 | 318.5 | 10.36 | 331.0 | 52.5 | 8289.0 | |
O’Shea and Bridge [77] | S30CS50B | 580.5 | 165.0 | 2.82 | 363.3 | 48.3 | 1662.0 |
S20CS50A | 663.5 | 190.0 | 1.94 | 256.4 | 41.0 | 1678.0 | |
S16CS50B | 664.5 | 190.0 | 1.52 | 306.1 | 48.3 | 1695.0 | |
S12CS50A | 664.5 | 190.0 | 1.13 | 185.7 | 41.0 | 1377.0 | |
S10CS50A | 659.0 | 190.0 | 0.86 | 210.7 | 41.0 | 1350.0 | |
S30CS80A | 580.5 | 165.0 | 2.82 | 363.3 | 80.2 | 2295.0 | |
S20CS80B | 663.5 | 190.0 | 1.94 | 256.4 | 74.7 | 2592.0 | |
S16CS80A | 663.5 | 190.0 | 1.52 | 306.1 | 80.2 | 2602.0 | |
S12CS80A | 662.5 | 190.0 | 1.13 | 185.7 | 80.2 | 2295.0 | |
S10CS80B | 663.5 | 190.0 | 0.86 | 210.7 | 74.7 | 2451.0 | |
S30CS10A | 577.5 | 165.0 | 2.82 | 363.3 | 108.0 | 2673.0 | |
S20CS10A | 660.0 | 190.0 | 1.94 | 256.4 | 108.0 | 3360.0 | |
S16CS10A | 661.5 | 190.0 | 1.52 | 306.1 | 108.0 | 3260.0 | |
S12CS10A | 660.0 | 190.0 | 1.13 | 185.7 | 108.0 | 3058.0 | |
S10CS10A | 662.0 | 190.0 | 0.86 | 210.7 | 108.0 | 3070.0 | |
Han and Yan [78] | SC154-1 | 4158.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 342.0 |
SC154-2 | 4158.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 292.0 | |
SC154-3 | 4158.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 46.8 | 298.0 | |
SC154-4 | 4158.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 46.8 | 280.0 | |
SC149-1 | 4023.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 46.8 | 318.0 | |
SC149-2 | 4023.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 46.8 | 320.0 | |
SC141-1 | 3807.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 350.0 | |
SC141-2 | 3807.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 370.0 | |
SC130-1 | 3510.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 400.0 | |
SC130-2 | 3510.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 31.8 | 390.0 | |
SC130-3 | 3510.0 | 108.0 | 4.50 | 348.1 | 46.8 | 440.0 | |
Johansson and Gylltoft [79] | SFE | 450.0 | 157.7 | 2.10 | 286.0 | 18.7 | 2150.0 |
Chen and Hikosaka [80] | A1 | 299.3 | 114.5 | 3.80 | 343.0 | 57.6 | 2989.0 |
B1 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 3.80 | 343.0 | 57.6 | 1930.6 | |
C1 | 2475.0 | 165.0 | 4.70 | 355.0 | 33.4 | 1979.6 | |
Han and Yao [81] | S-1 | 360.0 | 120.0 | 2.65 | 340.0 | 20.1 | 640.0 |
S-3 | 360.0 | 120.0 | 2.65 | 340.0 | 36.0 | 816.0 | |
L-2 | 1400.0 | 120.0 | 2.65 | 340.0 | 36.0 | 769.0 | |
Uenaka et al. [82] | t10-000 | 450.0 | 158.7 | 0.90 | 221.0 | 18.7 | 699.7 |
t16-000 | 450.0 | 157.5 | 1.50 | 308.0 | 18.7 | 815.4 | |
t23-000 | 450.0 | 157.7 | 2.14 | 286.0 | 18.7 | 907.5 | |
Giakoumelis and Lam [8] | C3 | 300.0 | 114.4 | 3.98 | 343.0 | 31.4 | 948.0 |
C4 | 300.0 | 114.6 | 3.99 | 343.0 | 93.6 | 1308.0 | |
C5 | 300.0 | 114.4 | 3.82 | 343.0 | 34.7 | 929.0 | |
C6 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 3.93 | 343.0 | 97.2 | 1359.0 | |
C7 | 300.5 | 114.9 | 4.91 | 365.0 | 34.7 | 1380.0 | |
C8 | 300.0 | 115.0 | 4.92 | 365.0 | 104.9 | 1787.0 | |
C9 | 300.5 | 115.0 | 5.02 | 365.0 | 57.6 | 1413.0 | |
C10 | 299.3 | 114.5 | 3.75 | 343.0 | 57.6 | 1038.0 | |
C11 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 3.75 | 343.0 | 57.6 | 1067.0 | |
C12 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 3.85 | 343.0 | 31.9 | 998.0 | |
C13 | 300.5 | 114.1 | 3.85 | 343.0 | 31.9 | 948.0 | |
C14 | 300.0 | 114.5 | 3.84 | 343.0 | 98.9 | 1359.0 | |
C15 | 299.5 | 114.4 | 3.85 | 343.0 | 98.9 | 1182.0 | |
Ghannam et al. [83] | C11-N | 2475.0 | 165.0 | 4.70 | 355.0 | 33.4 | 1058.0 |
C12-N | 2475.0 | 165.0 | 4.70 | 355.0 | 33.4 | 1037.0 | |
C13-LW | 2475.0 | 165.0 | 4.70 | 355.0 | 10.0 | 800.0 | |
C14-LW | 2475.0 | 165.0 | 4.70 | 355.0 | 10.0 | 834.0 | |
C16-N | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 33.4 | 437.0 | |
C17-N | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 33.4 | 368.0 | |
C18-N | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 33.4 | 355.0 | |
C19-N | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 33.4 | 374.0 | |
C22-LW | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 10.0 | 269.0 | |
C23-LW | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 10.0 | 252.0 | |
C24-LW | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 10.0 | 211.0 | |
C25-LW | 2200.0 | 110.0 | 1.90 | 350.0 | 10.0 | 219.0 | |
Sakino et al. [84] | CC4-A-2 | 447.0 | 149.0 | 2.96 | 308.0 | 25.4 | 941.0 |
CC4-A-4-1 | 447.0 | 149.0 | 2.96 | 308.0 | 40.5 | 1064.0 | |
CC4-A-4-2 | 447.0 | 149.0 | 2.96 | 308.0 | 40.5 | 1080.0 | |
CC4-A-8 | 447.0 | 149.0 | 2.96 | 308.0 | 77.0 | 1781.0 | |
CC4-C-2 | 903.0 | 301.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 25.4 | 2382.0 | |
CC4-C-4-1 | 900.0 | 300.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 41.1 | 3277.0 | |
CC4-C-4-2 | 900.0 | 300.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 41.1 | 3152.0 | |
CC4-C-8 | 903.0 | 301.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 80.3 | 5540.0 | |
CC4-D-2 | 1350.0 | 450.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 25.4 | 4415.0 | |
CC4-D-4-1 | 1350.0 | 450.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 41.1 | 6870.0 | |
CC4-D-4-2 | 1350.0 | 450.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 41.1 | 6985.0 | |
CC4-D-8 | 1350.0 | 450.0 | 2.96 | 279.0 | 85.1 | 11,665.0 | |
CC6-A-2 | 366.0 | 122.0 | 4.54 | 576.0 | 25.4 | 1509.0 | |
CC6-A-4-1 | 366.0 | 122.0 | 4.54 | 576.0 | 40.5 | 1657.0 | |
CC6-A-4-2 | 366.0 | 122.0 | 4.54 | 576.0 | 40.5 | 1663.0 | |
CC6-A-8 | 366.0 | 122.0 | 4.54 | 576.0 | 77.0 | 2100.0 | |
CC6-C-2 | 717.0 | 239.0 | 4.54 | 507.0 | 25.4 | 3035.0 | |
CC6-C-4-1 | 714.0 | 238.0 | 4.54 | 507.0 | 40.5 | 3583.0 | |
CC6-C-4-2 | 714.0 | 238.0 | 4.54 | 507.0 | 40.5 | 3647.0 | |
CC6-C-8 | 714.0 | 238.0 | 4.54 | 507.0 | 77.0 | 5578.0 | |
CC6-D-2 | 1083.0 | 361.0 | 4.54 | 525.0 | 25.4 | 5633.0 | |
CC6-D-4-1 | 1083.0 | 361.0 | 4.54 | 525.0 | 41.1 | 7260.0 | |
CC6-D-4-2 | 1080.0 | 360.0 | 4.54 | 525.0 | 41.1 | 7045.0 | |
CC6-D-8 | 1080.0 | 360.0 | 4.54 | 525.0 | 85.1 | 11,505.0 | |
Han and Yao [85] | scsc1-1 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 708.0 |
scsc1-2 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 820.0 | |
sch1-1 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 766.0 | |
sch1-2 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 820.0 | |
scv1-1 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 780.0 | |
scv1-2 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 814.0 | |
scsc2-1 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2320.0 | |
scsc2-2 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2330.0 | |
sch2-1 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2160.0 | |
sch2-2 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2160.0 | |
scv2-1 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2383.0 | |
scv2-2 | 600.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2256.0 | |
lcsc1-1 | 2000.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 1830.0 | |
lcsc1-2 | 2000.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 1806.0 | |
lch1-1 | 2000.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 1882.0 | |
lch1-2 | 2000.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2060.0 | |
lcv1 | 2000.0 | 200.0 | 3.00 | 303.5 | 58.5 | 2115.0 | |
SZ5S4A1a | 650.0 | 219.0 | 4.78 | 350.0 | 50.5 | 3400.0 | |
SZ5S4A1b | 650.0 | 219.0 | 4.72 | 350.0 | 50.5 | 3350.0 | |
SZ5S3A1 | 650.0 | 219.0 | 4.75 | 350.0 | 42.6 | 3150.0 | |
SZ3S6A1 | 510.0 | 165.0 | 2.73 | 350.0 | 77.2 | 2080.0 | |
SZ3S4A1 | 510.0 | 165.0 | 2.72 | 350.0 | 57.0 | 1750.0 | |
SZ3C4A1 | 510.0 | 165.0 | 2.75 | 350.0 | 46.3 | 1560.0 | |
C30-1 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 1125.0 | |
C30-2 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 1085.0 | |
C30-3 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 1100.0 | |
C30-4 | 300.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 1170.0 | |
C90-1 | 900.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 1065.0 | |
C90-2 | 900.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 980.0 | |
C150-1 | 1500.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 907.0 | |
C150-2 | 1500.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 760.0 | |
C300-1 | 3000.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 288.0 | |
C300-2 | 3000.0 | 100.0 | 1.90 | 404.0 | 121.6 | 317.5 | |
Lee et al. [88] | O49C36_30 | 2000.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 6888.0 |
O57C30_30 | 2500.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 9823.0 | |
Yang and Han [89] | Ccfst-1 | 1000.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 1462.0 |
Ccfst-2 | 1500.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 1489.0 | |
Dundu [90] | S1-1 | 1000.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 806.4 |
S1-2 | 1500.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 688.2 | |
S1-3 | 2000.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 632.2 | |
S1-4 | 2500.0 | 114.9 | 3.00 | 354.1 | 40.3 | 566.1 | |
S1-5 | 1000.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 912.1 | |
S1-6 | 1500.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 848.5 | |
S1-7 | 2000.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 715.8 | |
S1-8 | 2500.0 | 127.3 | 3.00 | 345.2 | 40.3 | 638.8 | |
S1-9 | 1000.0 | 139.2 | 3.00 | 362.0 | 40.3 | 1059.8 | |
S1-10 | 1500.0 | 139.2 | 3.00 | 362.0 | 40.3 | 941.9 | |
S1-11 | 2000.0 | 139.2 | 3.00 | 362.0 | 40.3 | 868.3 | |
S1-12 | 2500.0 | 139.2 | 3.00 | 362.0 | 40.3 | 750.7 | |
S2-1 | 1000.0 | 152.4 | 3.00 | 488.2 | 30.9 | 1463.3 | |
S2-2 | 1500.0 | 152.4 | 3.00 | 488.2 | 30.9 | 1209.1 | |
S2-3 | 2000.0 | 152.4 | 3.00 | 488.2 | 30.9 | 1167.3 | |
S2-4 | 2500.0 | 152.4 | 3.00 | 394.3 | 30.9 | 968.9 | |
S2-5 | 1000.0 | 165.1 | 3.00 | 438.2 | 30.9 | 1549.5 | |
S2-6 | 1500.0 | 165.1 | 3.00 | 438.2 | 30.9 | 1338.0 | |
S2-7 | 2000.0 | 165.1 | 3.00 | 438.2 | 30.9 | 1234.5 | |
S2-8 | 2500.0 | 165.1 | 3.00 | 430.3 | 30.9 | 1232.0 | |
S2-9 | 1000.0 | 193.7 | 3.00 | 398.8 | 30.9 | 1999.6 | |
S2-10 | 1500.0 | 193.7 | 3.50 | 398.8 | 30.9 | 1817.1 | |
S2-11 | 2000.0 | 193.7 | 3.50 | 398.8 | 30.9 | 1796.3 | |
S2-12 | 2500.0 | 193.7 | 3.50 | 392.2 | 30.9 | 1620.8 | |
Portolés et al. [91] | 1 | 2135.0 | 159.0 | 6.00 | 394.0 | 37.7 | 1414.0 |
13 | 2135.0 | 159.0 | 6.00 | 457.0 | 120.1 | 2792.0 | |
14.0 | 2135.0 | 159.0 | 6.00 | 487.0 | 116.0 | 2193.0 | |
Chang et al. [92] | CST-16 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.70 | 235.0 | 107.2 | 666.6 |
CST-17 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.70 | 235.0 | 56.2 | 701.9 | |
CST-18 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.70 | 235.0 | 66.8 | 1011.0 | |
Ekmekyapar and Al-Eliwi [7] | 114.3-2.74-300-56 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 56.2 | 901.8 |
114.3-2.74-300-66 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 66.8 | 981.2 | |
114.3-2.74-300-107 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 107.2 | 1295.1 | |
114.3-5.90-300-56 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 56.2 | 1735.8 | |
114.3-5.90-300-66 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 66.8 | 1818.6 | |
114.3-5.90-300-107 | 300.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 107.2 | 1989.9 | |
114.3-2.74-600-56 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 56.2 | 947.8 | |
114.3-2.74-600-66 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 66.8 | 1031.9 | |
114.3-2.74-600-107 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 107.2 | 1296.6 | |
114.3-5.90-600-56 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 56.2 | 1723.2 | |
114.3-5.90-600-66 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 66.8 | 1810.9 | |
114.3-5.90-600-107 | 600.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 107.2 | 1968.1 | |
114.3-2.74-900-56 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 56.2 | 877.3 | |
114.3-2.74-900-66 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 66.8 | 983.5 | |
114.3-2.74-900-107 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 2.74 | 235.0 | 107.2 | 1233.2 | |
114.3-5.90-900-56 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 56.2 | 1592.5 | |
114.3-5.90-900-66 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 66.8 | 1713.3 | |
114.3-5.90-300-107 | 900.0 | 114.3 | 5.90 | 355.0 | 107.2 | 1907.3 | |
Ye et al. [6] | CFST-1 | 360.0 | 120.0 | 2.70 | 340.0 | 20.1 | 1008.0 |
CFST-2 | 360.0 | 120.0 | 2.70 | 340.0 | 36.0 | 996.0 | |
Xiong et al. [4] | C12 | 600.0 | 219.1 | 10.00 | 381.0 | 51.6 | 5241.0 |
C9 | 600.0 | 219.1 | 5.00 | 380.0 | 51.6 | 3118.0 | |
Average | 1140.6 | 157.3 | 14.9 | 355.5 | 54.3 | 1722.5 | |
Standard deviation | 888.2 | 154.0 | 150.4 | 154.5 | 149.6 | 1768.4 | |
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Luat, NV., Shin, J. & Lee, K. Hybrid BART-based models optimized by nature-inspired metaheuristics to predict ultimate axial capacity of CCFST columns. Engineering with Computers 38, 1421–1450 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01115-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01115-7