Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel group mobility model for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), named as Bird-Flocking Behavior Inspired Group Mobility Model (BFBIGM), which takes inspiration from the mobility of a flock of birds, flying in a formation. Most existing modeling techniques are deficient in successfully addressing many aspects in terms of the application of realistic forces on the movement of mobile nodes (MNs), the interaction of MNs within a group, and collision avoidance within a group and with environmental obstacles. The results obtained through experiments show that in terms of connectivity metrics, such as link duration, BFBIGM performs around 50% better in comparison to the popular existing mobility models like Random Waypoint (RWP) Model (Johnson et al. in Ad hoc networking, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, pp. 139–172,2001) and the Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) Model (Hong et al. in: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, Seattle, WA, pp. 53–60,1999).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai F, Narayanan S, Helmy A (2003) IMPORTANT: a framework to systematically analyze the impact of mobility on performance of routing protocols for ad hoc networks. In: Twenty-second annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, IEEE INFOCOM, vol 2, San Francisco, California, pp 825–835
Beni G, Wang J (1989) Swarm intelligence in cellular robotic systems. In: Proceedings of NATO advanced workshop on robots and biological systems, vol 102, Toscana, Italy, pp 170–183
Bergamo P (1996) System design specification for mobile multimedia wireless network (mmwn) (draft), Technical report, DARPA project, DAAB07-95-C-D156
Blakely K, Lokewamp B (2004) A structured group mobility model for the simulation of mobile ad hoc networks. In: ACM international workshop on mobility management and wireless access, Philadelphia, pp 111–118
Broch J, Maltz DA, Johnson D, Hu Y-C, Jetcheva J (1998) A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols. In: Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on mobile computing and networking, Dallas, TX, pp 85–97
Camp T, Boleng J, Davies V (2002) A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research, wireless communications and mobile computing (WCMC), vol 2(5), pp 483–502
Chazelle B (2009) The convergence of bird flocking. In: Proceedings of ACM-SIAM symposium on discrete algorithms (SODA09), New York, pp 422–431
Chiang C (1998) Wireless network multicasting. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles
Ducatelle F, Di Caro G, Gambardella LM (2005) Ant agents for hybrid multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the second annual conference on wireless on-demand network systems and services, Switzerland, pp 44–53
Hermann K (2003) Modeling the sociological aspect of mobility in ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM international workshop on modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, San Diego, CA, pp 128–129
Hong X, Gerla M, Pei G, Chiang C-C (1999) A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, Seattle, Washington, pp 53–60
Huang D (2005) Using Delaunay triangulation to construct obstacle detour mobility model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), vol 3, New Orleans, Los Angeles, pp 1644–1649
Jardosh A, Belding-Royer EM, Almeroth KC, Suri S (2003) Towards realistic mobility models for mobile ad hoc networks. In: The ninth annual international conference on mobile computing and networking, San Diego, California, pp 217–229
Jha PK, Ghose D (2003) Collision avoidance between UAV clusters. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on computational intelligence, robotics and autonomous systems. Singapore
Johnson DB, Maltz DA, Broch J (2001) DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. In: Perkins C (ed) Ad hoc networking. Addison-Wesley, Boston, pp 139–172
Kirkpatrick M, Madey G (2003) Using swarm intelligence to broadcast messages in highly mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the seventh annual swarm researchers meeting, Notre Dame, USA
Mihail M, Papadimitriou CH (1994) On the random walk method for protocol testing. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on computer aided verification, Springer, London, pp 132–141
Monarch Project, Rice Monarch project extension to ns-2, http://www.monarch.cs.rice.edu/cmu-ns.html. Accessed 17 July 2009
Musoles M, Hailes S, Mascolo C (2004) An ad hoc mobility model founded on social network theory. In: The 7th ACM international symposium on modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, Venice, Italy, pp 20–24
Ng JM, Zhang Y (2005) Reference region group mobility model for ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of second IFIP international conference on wireless and optical communications networks, WOCN 2005, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, pp 290–294
NIST (2008) Mobile Ad Hoc networks, wireless communication technologies group. National institute on standards and technology (NIST), US Department of Commerce. http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wahn_mahn.shtml. Accessed 25 March 2011
Reynolds CW (1987) Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model. In: ACM SIGGRAPH ‘87, conference proceedings on computer graphics, Anaheim, California, pp 25–34
Royer E, Melliar-Smith PM, Moser L (2001) An analysis of the optimum node density for ad hoc mobile networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), vol 3, Helsinki, Finland, pp 857–861
Sharma RK, Ghose D (2009) Collision avoidance between UAV clusters using swarm intelligence techniques. Int J Syst Sci 40(5):521–538
Sichitiu ML (2009) Mobility models for ad hoc networks. In: Springer et al (eds) Guide to wireless ad hoc networks, pp 237–254
Tan DS, Zhou S, Ho J-M, Mehta JS, Tanabe H (2002) Design and evaluation of an individually simulated mobility model in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Communication networks and distributed systems modeling and simulation conference, San Antonio
The VINT Project, The network simulator—ns-2. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/. Accessed 17 July 2009
Toh CK (2001) Ad hoc wireless networks. In: Ad hoc mobile wireless networks: protocols and systems. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp 27–37
Wang KH, Li B (2002) Group mobility and partition prediction in wireless ad-hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on communications (ICC 2002), vol 2, New York, pp 1017–1021
Wedde HF (2005) BeeAdHoc: an energy efficient routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks inspired by bee behavior. In: Proceedings of the conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, Washington DC, USA, pp 153–160
Williams SA, Huang D (2009) Group force mobility model and its obstacle avoidance capability. Acta Astronaut
Zheng Q, Hong X, Ray S (2004) Recent advances in modeling mobility for MANETs. In: Proceedings of the 42nd annual southeast regional conference of ACM, Huntsville, Alabama, pp 70–75
Acknowledgments
The work of the first author was partly supported by a Grant from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, Grant No. SR/FTP/ETA-36/08, which the author gratefully acknowledges. This work was done when the second author was a visiting summer student doing internship at IIT Kharagpur. However, during the period of this work, the author was a full time student at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Misra, S., Agarwal, P. Bio-inspired group mobility model for mobile ad hoc networks based on bird-flocking behavior. Soft Comput 16, 437–450 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-011-0728-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-011-0728-x