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Out of the wireless access bottleneck trap: technologies, economics, regulation and standardization perspectives

Mehr Ressourcen für mobiles Breitband: Technologien – Märkte – Regulation – Standardisierung

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Abstract

The current evolution of mobile broadband is expected to significantly increase the demand for wireless access resources in the near future. In this article, three ways to escape this wireless access bottleneck trap are examined. The first option is technologically driven and corresponds to enhancing the spectral efficiency of access technology, thus making better use of available wireless resources. However, there are theoretical limits for this approach, and further improvements might be complex and costly. The second option is based on allocating additional spectrum for mobile applications. Here, the “digital dividend” provides a unique opportunity, but the corresponding process is lengthy due to the required international harmonization. The third option focuses on densification of access points, which usually requires considerable investments. However, user provided small cell networks could provide an ingenious way out of the trap. Finally, the three options are compared, and drivers and barriers for the different approaches are analyzed.

Zusammenfassung

Die derzeitigen Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des mobilen Breitbands lassen eine weitere deutliche Steigerung der Nachfrage nach Ressourcen in drahtlosen Zugangsnetzen für die nahe Zukunft erwarten. Der vorliegende Artikel analysiert drei unterschiedliche Optionen zur Beseitigung dieser Ressourcenknappheit. Der erste Ansatz ist stark technologiegetrieben und läuft auf die weitere Steigerung der spektralen Effizienz hinaus, um eine bessere Nutzung vorhandener Ressourcen im Zugangsnetz zu ermöglichen. Hierfür gibt es jedoch theoretische Grenzen, und Verbesserungen hier können sich durchaus als komplex und kostspielig herausstellen. Alternativ dazu ist die Zuteilung von zusätzlichem Spektrum vorstellbar. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt die so genannte „Digitale Dividende“ eine einzigartige Gelegenheit dar, wobei allerdings die damit zusammenhängenden Prozesse langwierig sind und eine Harmonisierung auf internationalem Gebiet erfordern. Drittens schließlich könnte man die räumliche Dichte der Zugangsknoten erhöhen – üblicherweise ebenfalls mit erheblichen Kosten verbunden. Hier allerdings könnte die Einbindung von endnutzerbetriebenen so genannten „Small Cell“-Netzen einen unerwartet einfachen Weg aus der Problematik bereitstellen. Die drei Optionen werden abschließend miteinander verglichen, um die jeweiligen Technologietreiber bzw. -barrieren herauszustellen.

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Notes

  1. See www.gsacom.com/.

  2. See e.g. ITU 2011 Figure 1.1.

  3. In the case of Austria, RTR Telekom Monitor 1/2012 page 38 shows that already 60 % of all broadband connections are mobile.

  4. See http://www.ericsson.com/news/1396928/.

  5. See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html.

  6. See e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency for a survey table of spectral efficiency of current mobile networking technologies/.

  7. See also Mecklenbräuker et al. (2011).

  8. The targets for average spectrum efficiency of LTE-Advanced are defined in 3GPP TR 36.913, Table 8.1. For instance the target for downlink spectrum efficiency for antenna configuration 4×4 is 3.7 bps/Hz/cell. The target for peak spectrum efficiency in the downlink is 30 bps/Hz.

  9. See www.netindex.com/.

  10. Cf. Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI).

  11. The frequency bands defined for GSM technology are listed in 3GPP TS 45.005 (2011).

  12. See e.g. the study (ARGE ABI 2010) commissioned by the Austrian regulatory authority RTR.

  13. See: European Commission Decision 2010/267/EU.

  14. See http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/cln_1932/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/RegulierungTelekommunikation/Frequenzordnung/OeffentlicherMobilfunk/VergabeVerfahrenDrahtlosNetzzugang/Versorgungsverpflichtung800MHzFreqs_Basepage.html/.

  15. WRC-12: Resolution COM5/10.

  16. See European Commission Decision 2009/766/EC for the usage of other terrestrial systems in the 900 and 1800 MHz band.

  17. See http://www.fon.com/.

References

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Acknowledgements

Part of this work has been funded by the Austrian Government and the City of Vienna within the COMET program; further support from Université Européenne de Bretagne and Télécom Bretagne Rennes as well as LAAS-CNRS Toulouse, France and the Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University Helsinki, Finland, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to cordially thank Paul Fuxjäger for his extremely helpful input, and Ivan Gojmerac, Ronny Fischer and Olivier Marcé together with the entire AWARE team as well as Helmut Malleck and Olav Ruhle for many interesting and fruitful discussions.

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Reichl, W., Reichl, P. & Reichel, P. Out of the wireless access bottleneck trap: technologies, economics, regulation and standardization perspectives. Elektrotech. Inftech. 129, 400–406 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-012-0056-6

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