Abstract
Along with the increasing popularity of electric vehicles caused by economic and environmental incentives, the penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) poses a great threat to the power grid, especially to the aggregated load in the power system. Motivated by this observation, in this paper, we analyze the impact of large-scale usage of PHEVs and address the load distribution problem by solving a decentralized optimization problem and smoothening the peak load with pricing strategies in the power grid. We also investigate the influence of charging time and charging mode on load distribution, as the charging price varies with the changes of these two factors. Our simulation study on PJM’s data warehouse shows that the proposed strategies can well smooth the peak load by pricing on the charging time and mode. The results also indicate that our strategies always distribute the load in a smoother manner at a smaller load fluctuation compared with other schemes (e.g., First Come First Service and PMCS) and thus improving the stability and reliability of the power grid.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hadley S (2007) Evaluating the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on regional electricity supplies. In: Bulk power system dynamics and control-VII. Revitalizing operational reliability, iREP symposium. IEEE, pp 1–12
Li Y (2007) Scenario-based analysis on the impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles’(phev) penetration into the transportation sector. In: Technology and society. IEEE ISTAS, pp 1–6
Rahman S, Shrestha G (1993) An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution system. Power Deliv IEEE Trans 8(2):591–597
Gonen T (1979) Electric power distribution system engineering. CRC Press, New York, pp 452–499
Su W, Chow M (2011) Investigating a large-scale PHEV/PEV parking deck in a smart grid environment. In: North American power symposium (NAPS). IEEE, pp. 1–6
Han S, Han S, Sezaki K (2010) Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid aggregator for frequency regulation. Smart Grid IEEE Trans 1(1):65–72
Shao S, Zhang T, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S (2010) Impact of tou rates on distribution load shapes in a smart grid with phev penetration. In: Transmission and distribution conference and exposition, PES. IEEE, pp 1–6
Sheen J, Chen C, Yang J (1994) Time-of-use pricing for load management programs in taiwan power company. Power Syst IEEE Trans 9(1):388–396
Mallette M, Venkataramanan G (2010) Financial incentives to encourage demand response participation by plug-in hybrid electric vehicle owners. In: Energy conversion congress and exposition. IEEE
Dam Q, Mohagheghi S, Stoupis J (2008) Intelligent demand response scheme for customer side load management. In: Energy 2030 conference. IEEE, pp 1–7
Mauri G, Moneta D, Bettoni C (2009) Energy conservation and smartgrids: new challenge for multimetering infrastructures. In: PowerTech, IEEE Bucharest, pp 1–7
Chuang A, Gellings C (2009) Demand-side integration for customer choice through variable service subscription. In: 2009 PES. IEEE, pp 1–7
Bruno S, Lamonaca S, La Scala M, Rotondo G, Stecchi U (2009) Load control through smart-metering on distribution networks. In: PowerTech, IEEE Bucharest, pp 1–8
Rahimi F, Ipakchi A (2010) Demand response as a market resource under the smart grid paradigm. Smart Grid IEEE Trans 1(1):82–88
Gan L, Topcu U, Low S (2011) Optimal decentralized protocol for electric vehicle charging. In: 50th IEEE conference on decision and control and European control conference, pp 5798–5804
Qiu Y, Liu H, Wang D, Liu X (2011) Intelligent strategy on coordinated charging of PHEV with TOU price. In: Power and energy engineering conference, Asia-Pacific, pp 1–5
Caramanis M, Foster J (2010) Coupling of day ahead and real-time power markets for energy and reserves incorporating local distribution network costs and congestion. In: Communication, control, and computing (Allerton), 48th annual allerton conference on. IEEE, pp 42–49
Kulshrestha P, Wang L, Chow M, Lukic S (2009) Intelligent energy management system simulator for phevs at municipal parking deck in a smart grid environment. In: Power & energy society general meeting. IEEE, pp 1–6
Kulshrestha P, Swaminathan K, Chow M, Lukic S (2009) Evaluation of zigbee communication platform for controlling the charging of phevs at a municipal parking deck. In: Vehicle power and propulsion conference. IEEE, pp 1211–1214
Su W, Chow M (2010) An intelligent energy management system for phevs considering demand response. In: Proceedings of the FREEDM annual conference
Guille C, Gross G (2010) The integration of PHEV aggregations into a power system with wind resources. In: Bulk power system dynamics and control VIII, iREP symposium. IEEE, pp 1–9
Staats PT, Grady WM, Arapostathis A, Thallam RS (1997) A statistical method for predicting the net harmonic currents generated by a concentration of electric vehicle battery chargers. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 12:1258–1266
Galus M, Andersson G (2008) Demand management of grid connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). In: Energy 2030 conference. IEEE, pp 1–8
Train K, Mehrez G (1995) The impacts of optional time-of-use prices: a case study. Energy Build 22(3):267–278
Jin D, Ouyang Y, Luo Y, Li K (2006) Investigations on both the optimal control of a phev power assignment and its cost function of the dynamic programming. Trans Soc Automot Eng Jpn 37(1):105
Nassif S, Kozhaya J (2000) Fast power grid simulation. In: Proceedings of the 37th annual design automation conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 156–161
Deilami S, Masoum AS, Moses PS, Masoum MAS (2011) Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2:456–467
Su W, Chow M (2011) Performance evaluation of an eda-based large-scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging algorithm. Smart Grid IEEE Trans 99:1–1
Grant M, Boyd S, Ye Y (2009) cvx users guide, Technical report build 711, Citeseer. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download, Technical Report
Strategies C. http://www.escn.com.cn/2012/0207/145617.html
Dictionary PD. http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/data-dictionary.aspx
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Department of Defense.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xing, K., Zhang, F., Liang, Y. et al. When smart grid meets PHEVs: a smart load distribution mechanism in smart grid. Pers Ubiquit Comput 18, 1917–1928 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0790-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0790-3