Abstract
This study describes and analyzes the learning interactions of nine high-school students’ free exploration of a virtual solar system (VSS). The VSS is a non-immersive three dimensional virtual environment based on real NASA planetary images. The computer screen serves as a “spacecraft’s window” for the learner to “fly” between objects, to change the system’s frame of reference and its pace. A systematic analysis of participants’ real-time observable interactions together with what they said revealed that each of them created an unique learning pattern within at least five different dimensions: (1) the cognitive dimension, (2) the affective dimension, (3) the navigation dimension, (4) the interface dimension, and (5) the assistance seeking dimension. The construction of meaning emerged as a non-linear process, which includes transitions between and within these dimensions. Three different styles of learning interactions were identified, suggesting that individual differences might be enhanced due to the unique VSS’ features. Overall, the VSS served as an enriching and motivational learning experience. The design of additional navigation tools and content scaffolding might help participants’ in building a sustained deep scientific understanding.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antonietti A (2000) The representation of virtual reality in education. Educ Inf Technol 5:317–327
Baxter JH (1989) Children’s understanding of familiar astronomical events. Int J Sci Educ 11:502–513
Broughton M (1998) Alternative frameworks amongst University of Plymouth Astronomy students. In: Gougenheim AP, McNally N (eds.) Recent advances in astronomy teaching. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 111–117
Comins NF (1999) Identifying and addressing astronomy misconceptions in the classroom. In: Gouguenheim AP, McNally N, Percy (eds) New trends in astronomy teaching. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 118–123
Dede C, Ketelhut D (2003) Designing for motivation and usability in a web-based multi-user virtual environment. In: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, 2003
Dede C, Clarke J, Ketelhut DJ, Nelson B, Bowman C (2005) Students’ motivation and learning of Science in a multi-user virtual environment. In: Presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA), April 11–15, 2005, Montreal, [on-line] Available: http://www.muve.gse.harvard.edu/muvees2003/documents/motivation_muves_aera_2005.pdf
Dede C, Salzman M, Loftin B, Ash K (2000) The design of immersive virtual learning environments: fostering deep understandings of complex scientific knowledge. In: Jacobson MJ, Kozma RB (eds) Innovations in science and mathematics education. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 361–413
DiSessa A (1986) Artificial worlds and real experience. Instruct Sci 14:207–227
Erickson T (1993) Artificial realities as data visualization environments. In: Wexelblat A (ed) Virtual reality: applications and explorations. Academic, Boston pp. 1–22
Fischer KW (1980) A Theory of cognitive development: the control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychol Rev 6:477–531
Friedman D, Feldman Y, Shamir A, Dagan T (2004) Automated creation of movie summaries in interactive virtual environment. In: Paper presented at the annual meeting of IEEE VR 2004, Chicago
Furness TA, Winn W, Yu R (1997) Global change, VR and learning: a report for the NSF of workshops. The impact of three dimensional immersive VE on modern pedagogy, [Online], Available: http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/r-97–32/
Gazit E, Chen D (2003) Using the observer to analyze learning in virtual worlds, Behav Res Methods, Instru Comput 35:400–407
Gonçalves N (2005) Educational use of 3rd virtual environments: primary teachers visiting a romanesque castle. In: Méndez-Vilas A ,González-Pereira B, Mesa González J, Mesa González JA (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international m-ICTE conference—Recent research developments in learning technologies. The 3rd international conference on multimedia ict’s’ in education,vol 1, Formatex, Cáceres: Spain, pp 427–431
Granott N, Parziale J (2002) Microdevelopment approach. MIT, Cambridge
Keating T, Barnett M, Sasha AB, Hay KE (2002) The virtual solar system project: developing conceptual understanding of astronomical concepts through building three-dimensional computational models. J Sci Educ Technol 11:261–275
Kennedy G (2004) Promoting Cognition in Multimedia Interactivity Research. J Interact Learn Res 15(1):43–61
Marshall G (1999) Exploring assessment. Educ Inf Technol 4(3):311–327
Noldus LPJJ, Trienes RJH, Hendriksen AHM, Jansen H, Jansen RG (2000) The Observer video-pro: new software for the collection, management, and presentation of time-structured data from videotapes and digital media files. Behav Res Methods Instru Comput 32:197–206
Nussbaum J (1985). The earth as a cosmic body. In:.Driver R (ed) Children’s ideas in science. Open University Press, Milton, pp. 35–57
Parker J, Heywood D (1998) The Earth and beyond: developing primary teachers’ understanding of basic astronomical events. Int J Sci Educ 20:503–520
Pierce JS, Pausch R (2004) Navigation with place representations and visible landmarks. In: Paper presented at the annual meeting of IEEE VR 2004, Chicago
Rienks R, Poppe R, Nijholt A, Heylen D, Jovanovic N (2005) Multi-party interaction in a virtual meeting room. In: Noldus LPJJ, Grieco F, Loijens LWS, Zimmerman PH (eds) Proceedings measuring behavior. Fifth international conference on methods and techniques in behavioral research, Wageningen (to appear)
Schwartz MS, Fischer KW (2003) Building vs. borrowing: the challenge of actively constructing ideas. Lib Educ 89(3):22–29
Sharp JG (1996) Children’s astronomical beliefs: a preliminary study of year 6 children in southwest England. Int J Sci Educ 18:685–712
Shin M, Kim H, Kim J (2005) Relations of adopting immersive virtual reality (IVR) in a college science and students’ perception of learning environment: will VR let you step away from teacher-centered science class? In: Méndez-Vilas A, González-Pereira B, Mesa González J, Mesa González JA (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International m-ICTE conference—recent research developments in learning technologies, the 3rd International Conference on Multimedia ICT’s’ in education,vol. 1, Formatex, Cáceres: Spain, pp. 209–214
Stake RE (1995) The art of case study research. Sage, New York
Steuer J (1995) Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. In: Biocca F, Levy MR (eds) Communication in the age of virtual reality. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp. 33–56
Tobin K, Tippins D (1993) Constructivism as a referent for teaching and learning. In: Tobin K (ed) The practice of constructivism in science education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale pp. 3–21
Vosniadou S, Brewer WF (1994) Mental models of the day/night cycle. Cogn Sci 18:123–183
VR (2005) Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved December 10, 2005, from Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001382
Winn W (1993) A conceptual basis for educational applications of virtual reality. University of Washington, Washington HITL Tech. Rep. No. R93-R99
Yair Y, Mintz R, Litvak S (2001) 3D-virtual reality in science education: an implication for astronomy teaching. J Sci Educ Technol 20:293–305
Yair Y, Schur Y, Mintz R (2003) A “thinking journey” to the planets using scientific visualization technologies. J Sci Educ Technol 12:43–49
Young M (1995) Assessment of situated learning using computer environments. J Sci Educ Technol 4(1):89–96
Youngbult C (1998) Educational uses of virtual reality technology.IDA.Document D-2128 Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gazit, E., Yair, Y. & Chen, D. The gain and pain in taking the pilot seat: learning dynamics in a non immersive virtual solar system. Virtual Reality 10, 271–282 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-006-0053-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-006-0053-3